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ILLUSTRATED BY 


NUMEROUS MAPS AND ENGRAVINGS. 


D. M. WARREN, 

AUTHOR OF AN “INTERMEDIATE GEOGRAPHY,” AND A “PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.” 



fait jfraittinfl: 

II. H. BANCROFT & CO. 

SACRAMENTO: JOHN J. MURPHY. 


1 8 6 0 . 















Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1859, by 
H. COWPERTHWAIT & CO., 

In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 













PREFACE. 


fTlHIS book is designed to form a part of the series of which two volumes, an “ Intermediate 
J- Geography,” and the “ Physical Geography,” have already been published. It is intended for 
beginners—and is especially designed as an introduction to the Intermediate Geography, to which book 
it bears a close resemblance in its gereral plan and arrangement. 

The work consists of two parts, and contains also an Introductory Lesson, and a full Pronouncing 
and Explanatory Vocabulary. 

Part First contains lessons on the definitions of the terms which are used, and many familiar 
explanations of the same. These lessons are short, and are followed by numerous questions, designed to 
test the learner’s understanding of them. With but few exceptions, the definitions in Part First of this 
book are expressed in precisely the same language which is used in the Intermediate Geography; so 
that pupils who advance from the “ First Book” to the Intermediate Geography, will not be compelled 
to re-learn the definitions. No part of the hook is arranged in the form of question aud answer. 

Part Second contains a description of the different countries. It is arranged in chapters, which 
correspond with the maps. The description of a country is followed by the map of the same, on the 
page opposite to which are the map-questions. No name is introduced upon the maps to which 
reference is not made in the descriptive text or in the questions. These descriptions, in a work so 
small as this, must, necessarily, be brief. The author has endeavored, however, to state the distin¬ 
guishing features by which the different countries of the earth are known, in plain and simple, but not 
childish, language. 

The Introductory Lesson, which occupies the first four pages of the book, consists of imaginary 
travels. It is written in a familiar style, and is designed not only to give the pupil some idea of the 
general features of the earth, but to interest him in the subjects of which the book treats. 


( 3 ) 





4 PREFACE. 

The book contains nineteen colored maps, and is illustrated by more than fifty wood-engravings. 
These maps are very distinctly engraved, and are upon a much larger scale than those of most books of 
this class. 

The engravings are all from original designs by Mr. George G. White. They are not mere 
embellishments, but they have been drawn expressly to illustrate the text, and all of them have been 
executed in the best style of the engraver’s art. 

The Vocabulary gives the pronunciation of every name which appears upon the maps, and the 
signification of many of them. In connection with the map-questions, questions as to the signification 
or meaning of many words have been introduced. These may be answered from the Vocabulary. This 
feature, which was first introduced in the Intermediate Geography, has received the decided approval 
of teachers. 

The author tenders his grateful acknowledgments to his friends and the public for the generous 
support which they have extended both to the Physical and the Intermediate Geographies, and he 
indulges the hope that the First Book of Geography may be found not less worthy of their patronage 
than his previously published works. 





TABLE OF CONTENTS 


INTRODUCTORY LESSON . PAGE 7 

\ 

PART I. 


D E F I N 

Lesson page 

I.—FORM OF TIIE EARTH . . . .11 

II.—MOTIONS OF THE EARTH . . . 11 

III. —POINTS OF THE COMPASS . . .12 

IV. —LATITUDE.12 

V.—THE TROPICS AND POLAR CIRCLES . 12 

VI.—LONGITUDE.12 

VII.—ZONES. 13 

VIII.—THE CHANGE OF SEASONS . . 13 

IX.—DAYS AND NIGHTS . . . .14 

X.—MAPS.15 

XI.—SURFACE OF THE EARTH . . .10 

XII.—NATURAL DIVISIONS OF THE LAND 16 

XIII. —NATURAL DIVISIONS OF THE WATER 16 

XIV. —LAKES AND RIVERS . . . 17 

XV.—USE OF MAPS.18 


T I 0 N S. 


Lesson page 

XVI.—CLIMATE.19 

XVII.—VEGETATION.19 

XVIII.—ANIMALS.19 

XIX.—MAN.20 

XX.—RACES OF MEN .... 20 


XXL—STATES OF SOCIETY . . . .21 

XXII.—STATES OF SOCIETY ... 21 

XXIII.—GOVERNMENT.21 

XXIV.-POLITICAL DIVISIONS ... 22 

XXV.—RELIGION.22 

XXVI.—BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY . . 23 

XXVII.—BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY . . .23 

XXVIII.—THE HEMISPHERES. GRAND DIVI¬ 
SIONS .25 

XXIX.—THE HEMISPHERES. THE OCEAN . 27 


PART II. 

DESCRIPTIONS OF COUNTRIES. 


Chapter page 

I.—NORTH AMERICA.28 

II.—THE UNITED STATES .... 32 

III. —THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES 36 

IV. —THE MIDDLE STATES.—MARYLAND AND * 

VIRGINIA.40 


Chapter page 

V.—SEVEN SOUTHERN STATES.—ARKANSAS 

AND TENNESSEE .... 44 

VI.—NINE OF THE WESTERN STATES . . 48 

VII.—TEXAS, CALIFORNIA, OREGON, AND THE 

TERRITORIES . . . . .52 


( 5 ) 

















0 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Chapter page 

VIII.—THE BRITISH PROVINCES OF NORTH 

AMERICA.56 

IX.—MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, AND THE 

WEST INDIES.57 

X.—SOUTH AMERICA .... 60 


Chapter page 

XI.—EUROPE.66 

XII.—ASIA.72 

XIII. —AFRICA.76 

XIV. —OCEANICA.80 


PRONOUNCING AND EXPLANATORY VOCABULARY.84 


( 

INDEX TO THE MAPS. - 


\ 


PAGE 

1. The Circles op tiie Earth and the Zones . 14 

2. The Circles of the Earth and the Zones . 15 

3. Natural Divisions of the Land and Water . 18 

4. Western Hemisphere . . . . .24 

5. Eastern Hemisphere ..... 26 

6. North America . . . . . . .30 

7. The United States ..... 34 

8. The Eastern, or New England States . . 38 

9. The Middle States.—Maryland and Virginia 42 

10. Seven of the Southern States.—Arkansas and 

Tennessee ...... 46 


PAGE 

11. Nine of the Western States . . . .50 

12. Texas, California, Oregon, and the Western 

Territories ....... 54 

13. The British Provinces .... 58 

14. Mexico, Central America, and the West 

Indies ........ 58 

15. South America.64 

16. Europe ........ 70 

17. Asia .74 

18. Africa ........ 78 

19. The Greater Part of Oceanica ... 82 
























FIRST BOOK OF GEOGRAPHY. 



INTRODUCTORY LESSON. 


If we were to leave our homes and go abroad 
upon the earth on which we live, we should see 
many different objects. We should find many dif¬ 
ferent kinds of trees, of flowers, of fruits, of birds 
and other animals. 


Questions. —What are some of the different objects you 
would see in going home from school ?—Would you see many 
different kinds of trees ?—Of flowers ?—Of fruits ?—Do you 
think you would see more kinds of trees, flowers, and fruits 
if you, were to take a long walk or ride into the country ?— 
Let each scholar name a different kind of tree which he has 


We should find that the*surface of the earth, 
everywhere, was either land or water; but we 
should perceive a great difference in the various 
divisions of land and water which we should see, 
and we should give them different names. 

seen.—A different flower.—A different kind of fruit which he 
has eaten.—Let each scholar name a different kind of bird 
which he has seen.—Let each name some animal, besides a 
bird.—What would you find the surface of the earth every¬ 
where to bo?—Would there be any difference in the various 
divisions of land and water which vou might see ? 

(7) 


















































INTRODUCTORY LESSON. 


8 


If we crossed a tract of level country, we should 
call it a plain. Some plains we should find 
covered with grass, others with trees. In some 



A PLAIN AND HILLS. 


parts of the world we might find plains the surfaces 
of which were dreary wastes of sand: such a plain 



we should call a desert. If beyond this level 
country we should find the land somewhat ele¬ 
vated, we should call the elevations hills, and the 
country a hilly country. 

If we should find the land elevated to a great 
height, we should call such elevations mountains , 
and the country a mountainous country. If we 

What would you call a tract of level country?—Would you 
find any difference in plains ?—What would you call a plain 
covered with sand?—Would you expect to find many inha¬ 
bitants on a plain of sand ?—Many animals ?—Have you ever 
seen a plain?—What would you call somewhat elevated land? 
—IIow many scholars have ever seen a hill ?—What would 



MOUNTAINS AND VALLETS. 


should find ourselves in low land, between moun¬ 
tains or hills, we should call the place a valley. 

In some parts of the earth there are mountains 
from the top or sides of which smoke and fire burst 
forth. These are called volcanoes. 



A VOLCANO. 


If we should wander forth upon the sides of 
these mountains or hills, we should find, in many 
places, water, pure and cold, bubbling forth from 

you call land elevated to a great height ?—What sort of a 
country would it be where there were many such elevations ? 
—Have you ever seen a mountain ?—What name do you give 
to the low land between mountains and hills ?—What w'culd 
you call a mountain from which fire and smoke burst forth ? 
—Can you name some volcano of which you have heard? 





























INTRODUCTORY LESSON. 


9 



out of the ground; these we 
should call springs. From 
these springs we should see ' 

A ° A SPRING AND RILL. 

little streams of water, so 

narrow that we could easily step across them, trick¬ 
ling down the mountain side, and we should call 
them rills,OY brooks. We should find some of them 



A LAKE. 


flowing on between grassy banks, and through plea¬ 
sant fields, into large pools of water, which we should 
call ponds } OY lakes. Others we should find rippling 
along over the stones, and through the meadows, 


until, uniting with each other, they would form one 
large stream, which we should call a river. 

If we should follow this river as it winds its way 
through pleasant valleys, we might find its waters 
suddenly to descend, with much noise and foam, 



mass of 
This we 


over a 
rocks. 

should call a 
waterfall. But 
the river does 
not stop here. 

It flows on across 

the plains. It receives the waters of other rivers, 
and becomes so broad and deep that large vessels 


A WATERFALL. 



A RIVER. 


may float upon its surface. It sweeps along by 
villages,towns,and cities, until, at last, it flows into 


Have you ever seen a spring?—Where does the water of 
springs come from?—Little streams flow from springs: what 
do you call them ?—Has any scholar seen a rill or brook ?— 
Does it become larger or smaller as you follow it from the 
spring?—What do you call the pools of water into which 
some of these streams flow?—Which of the scholars in this 


class have ever seen a pond?—A lake?—If several of these 
brooks were united, forming one large stream, what would 
you call it ?—Have you ever seen a river ?—Have you ever 
sailed on any river?—Let each scholar name some river 
which he has seen.—What would you call a sudden fall of 
water over a mass of rocks?—Have you ever seen a waterfall? 

































10 


INTRODUCTORY LESSON. 



A STEAMSHIP. THE OCEAN. AN ISLAND. 


a body of water, so vast that we cannot see the land 
beyond it. This is the great sea or ocean. 

The place where the river joins the ocean is 
called the mouth of the river ; and here we might 
find many ships, steamships, and other vessels. 

If we were to go on board of one of these steam¬ 
ships, we might soon be taken out to sea. On our 
way we might sail by a tract of land which we 
should see was entirely surrounded by water. This 
we should call an island. Continuing our voyage, 
in a few hours we should be out of sight of land. 
And now for days and days (unless we occasionally 
met a ship or some other vessel) we should see 
nothing but the sky above us, and the deep blue 
sea around us. 

We should find the water of the ocean very dif¬ 
ferent from that which we had seen upon the land. 

Would you expect to find large vessels on a broad, deep river, 
or on a narrow, shallow one ?—What would you call a body 
of water so vast that you could not see the land beyond it ? 
—What is the place where the river joins the ocean called ? 
—What would you call a tract of land entirely surrounded 


The water of the ocean is salt, and it would make 
us sick to drink it; while that of the rivers, lakes, 
and springs is fresh and delicious to the taste. 

After sailing many days we should come to land 
again, and here we should find plains, hills, and 
mountains, springs, lakes, and rivers, such as we 
had seen before. We might also find many objects 
which we had not seen before. 

The study that tells us about all the things which 
we should see in various parts of the earth is called 
Geography. 

Geography, then, is a description of the earth. 

The children who study 'this book, and who, 
as they grow older, study larger books on this 
subject, will learn about all the different things 
which they would see if they were to visit every 
part of the earth on which we live. 

by water ?—What ditferencc is there in the water of the ocean 
and that upon the land?—What is the study called which 
tells us about the things which we should see in various parts 
of the earth ?—What is geography ?—How many children in 
this class think they shall like to study geography ? 





































PART I 


DEFINITIONS. 


LESSON I. 

FORM OF THE EARTII. 

1. Geography is a description of the earth. 

2. The earth is that body on which we live. Its 
surface consists of land and water. 

3. The earth is nearly round. It is so nearly 
round that it is called a globe or sphere. It is also 
called the world. Many persons have sailed round 
the earth. 

4. A globe or sphere is a perfectly round body, 
like a ball or marble. The earth is not perfectly 
round : it resembles in shape an orange. 

5. The circumference of the earth is the distance 
round it. 

6. The diameter of the earth is the distance 
through its centre, between any two opposite points 
on the surface. 

7. The greatest circumference of the earth is 
about 25,000 miles. 

8. The greatest diameter of the earth is about 
8000 miles. 


Questions. —What is Geography ?—What is the earth ?— 
Of what does its surface consist?—What is the surface of the 
earth ?—What is the form of the earth ?—By what different 
names is the earth called ?—What is the form of a globe or 
sphere?—Is the earth a perfectly round body?—What fruit 
does the earth resemble in shape?—Do you know of any 
persons who have sailed round the earth ?—What is the cir¬ 
cumference of the earth ?—What is the diameter of the earth ? 
—How many miles in extent is the greatest circumference of 
the earth ?—IIow long is the greatest diameter of the earth ? 


LESSON II. 

MOTIONS OF THE EARTH. 

1. The earth has two motions, a daily and a 
yearly motion. 

2. The daily motion is that in which it turns 
upon its own axis once every day. 

3. The axis of the earth is an imaginary line 
passing through its centre, on which it turns. 

4. The axis of anything is that on which it turns, 
or may turn. Pass a wire through the centre of an 
orange so that the orange may be turned upon it; 
the wire is the axis of the orange. 

5. As the orange is turned upon the wire, so the 
earth continually turns upon its axis; but the axis 
of the earth is not a real thing, like the wire in the 
orange. 

6. The ends of the earth’s axis are called the 
poles of the earth. One is called the North Pole, 
the other the South Pole. 

7. The yearly motion of the earth is that in 
which it moves round the sun once every year. 

Questions. —How many motions has the earth?—What 
are they ?—What is the daily motion of the earth ?—What is 
the axis of the earth?—What do you understand by the axis 
of anything?—Suppose you were to pass a knitting-needle 
through the centre of an apple, so that you could turn the 
apple upon it; what would be the axis of the apple?—Has 
the earth any real axis on which it turns ?—What are the 
ends of the earth’s axis called?—How many poles are there? 
—What axe their names ?—What is the yearly motion of the 
earth ? 


(11) 











POINTS OF THE COMPASS. 


12 

LESSON III. 

POINTS OF THE COMPASS. 

1. The cardinal or principal points of the com¬ 
pass are, north, south, east, and west. 

2. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 
Now, if you stand with outstretched arms, pointing 
with the right hand towards the east, and with the 
left hand towards the west, the north will be in 
front of you, and the south behind you. 

3. The direction between north and east is called 
north-east; between south and east, south-east; be¬ 
tween south and west, south-west; between north 
and west, north-west. 

Questions.— What are the cardinal points of the compass? 
—Where does thb sun rise ?—Where does he set ?—If you 
stand with outstretched arms, pointing with the right hand 
towards the east, what direction will be in front of you ?— 
What direction will be behind you ?—What direction will be 
on your left hand?—What is the point called between north 
and east?—Between south and east?—Between south and 
west ?—Between north and west ?—Let each scholar point to 
the northern side of the school-room.—Let each scholar point 
to the southern side of the school-room. 


LESSON IY. 

LATITUDE. 

1. Latitude is distance from the Equator, 
either north or south. 

2. The Equator is an imaginary line, encircling 
the globe half way between the Poles. 

3. All places north of the Equator are in North 
Latitude. All south of it are in South Latitude. 

4. The distance between the Equator and each 
of the Poles is divided into 90 nearly equal parts, 
called degrees of latitude. 

5. There are 90 degrees of latitude north of the 
Equator, and 90 degrees south of it. They are 
each about 69 miles long. 

6 . Parallels of latitude are imaginary lines, 


encircling the earth from east to west, parallel 
with the Equator. 

Questions. —Wbat is latitude?—What is the Equator?— 
In what latitude are all places north of the Equator?—In 
what latitude are all places south of the Equator ?—Into how 
many parts is the distance between the Equator and each of 
the Poles divided ?—What are these parts called ?—What is 
the length of a degree of latitude?—How many degrees of 
latitude are there north of the Equator?—How many south 
of it ?—What are parallels of latitude ? 


LESSON Y. 

THE TROPICS AND THE POLAR CIRCLES. 

1. The most important parallels of latitude are 
the Tropics and the Polar Circles. 

2 . There are two tropics—one is called the 
Tropic of Cancer, the other, the Tropic of Capri¬ 
corn. 

3. The Tropic of Cancer is about 23 J degrees 
north of the Equator. The Tropic of Capricorn is 
about 23 £ degrees south of the Equator. 

4. There are two Polar Circles. One is called 
the Arctic Circle, the other the Antarctic Circle. 

5. The Arctic Circle is about 23 i degrees south 
of the North Pole. The Antarctic Circle is about 
23 £ degrees north of the South Pole. 


Questions. —Which are the most important parallels of 
latitude?—How many tropics are there?—What are their 
names?—Where is the Tropic of Cancer?—Where is the 
Tropic of Capricorn ?—How many polar circles are there ?— 
What are they called ?—Where is the Arctic Circle ?—Where 
is the Antarctic Circle ? 


LESSON VI. 
LONGITUDE. 

1. Longitude is distance from any given meri¬ 
dian, either east or west. 













ZONES.—THE CHANGE OF SEASONS. 


2 . Meridians of Longitude are imaginary lines, 
encircling the earth from north to south, and 
passing through both Poles. 

3. Longitude is usually reckoned from the meri¬ 
dian of Greenwich, in England, or Washington, in 
the United States. 

4. The meridian of any place is a line passing 
through that place, from the North to the South 
Pole. The meridian of Greenwich is a line pass¬ 
ing through Greenwich from the North to the 
South Pole. 

5. All places east of the meridian of Greenwich 
are in East Longitude; all west of it in West 
Longitude. There are 180 degrees of East Lon¬ 
gitude, and 180 degrees of West Longitude. 

6 . The length of a degree of longitude on the 
Equator, is about the same as that of a degree of 
latitude, or about 69 miles. 

7. The length of a degree of longitude decreases 
towards the Poles, and at. the Poles there is no 
longitude. 

Questions. —What is longitude? — What are meridians of 
longitude?—From what places is longitude usually reckoned? 
—What is the meridian of any place ?—What is the meridian 
of Greenwich ?—In what longitude are all places east of the 
meridian of Greenwich ?—In what longitude are all places west 
of the meridian of Greenwich ?—How many degrees are there 
of East Longitude?—How many degrees are there of West 
Longitude ?—What is the length of a degree of longitude on 
the Equator ?—Do the degrees increase or decrease in length 
from the Equator towards the Poles ?—Where is there no 
longitude ? 


LESSON VII. 

ZONES. 

1. TnE surface of the earth is divided by the 
Tropics and the Polar Circles into five distinct sec¬ 
tions or belts, called Zones. 

2. There are two Frigid Zones (the North and 
South Frigid), two Temperate Zones (the North 
and South Temperate), and one Torrid Zone. 

3. The North Frigid Zone is north of the Arctic 


13 


Circle. The South Frigid Zone is south of the 
Antarctic Circle. 

4. The North Temperate Zone is between the 
Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle. The South 
Temperate Zone is between the Tropic of Capri¬ 
corn and the Antarctic Circle. 

5. The Torrid Zone is between the Tropic of 
Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. 

Questions. —Into how many sections or belts is the earth 
divided by the Tropics and Polar Circles ?—What are these 
belts called?—How many Frigid Zones are there?—How 
many Temperate?—What is the name of the other zone?— 
Where is the North Frigid Zone?—The South Frigid Zone? 
—Where is the North Temperate Zone?—The South Tem¬ 
perate Zone?—Where is the Torrid Zone? 


LESSON VIII. 

THE CHANGE OF SEASONS. 

1. During the earth’s annual course around the 
sun there is a change of seasons in all parts of the 
world. 

2. In the Frigid Zones there are but two sea¬ 
sons—a long, cold winter, and a short summer. 

3. While it is summer in the North Frigid, it is 
winter in the South Frigid Zone. 

4. In the Temperate Zone there are four seasons 
—spring, summer, autumn, and winter. 

5. While it is spring in the North Temperate, 
it is autumn in the South Temperate Zone; and 
while it is summer in the North Temperate, it is 
winter in the South Temperate Zone. 

6 . In the Torrid Zone there are two seasons — 
a wet season, and a dry one. 

Questions. —What change occurs during the annual course 
of the earth around the sun ?—How many seasons are there 
in the Frigid Zones ?—What are they ?—When it is summer 
In the North Frigid, what is the season in the South Frigid 
Zone?—What are the seasons in the Temperate Zones?— 
When it is spring in the North Temperate, what is the season 
in the South Temperate Zone?—When it is summer in the 
North Temperate, what is the season in the South Temperate 
Zone?—What are the seasons in the Torrid Zone?—How 
many seasons are there where you live ? 














14 


DAYS AND NIGHTS. 



LESSON IX. 

DAYS AND NIGHTS. 

1. The daily motion of the earth produces day 
and night. The length of the days and nights is 
not the same in all parts of the world. 

2. In the Torrid Zone the days and nights are 
nearly equal in length throughout the year. They 
are each about twelve hours long. 

3. In the Temperate Zones they are very unequal 
in length. In summer the days are more and the 
nights less than twelve hours long. In winter the 


nights are more and the days less than twelve hours 
long. 

4. In the Frigid Zones the length of the days 
and nights is still more unequal than in the Tem¬ 
perate Zones. At the Poles they are each six 
months long. 


Questions.— "What produces day and night?—In what 
zone are the days and nights nearly equal in length?— 
About how long are they in this zone ?—In what season of 
the year, in the Temperate Zones, are the days longer than 
the nights ?—In what season are the nights longer than the 
days?—What can you say of the length of the days and nights 
in the Frigid Zones ?—What is their length at the Poles ? 





























MAPS. 


15 





LESSON X. 
MAPS. 


which run from one side of the map to the other, are paral¬ 
lels of latitude. Those which run from the top to the bottom 
of the map, are meridians of longitude.] 


1. A map is a representation of the whole or a 
part of the earth’s surface. 

2. North is towards the top of a map; south is 
towards the bottom; east is towards the right 
hand; and west is towards the left hand. 

[The engraving on this page is a map which represents 
one-half of the earth’s surface. That on the opposite page 
represents the other half. Both maps represent the entire 
surface of the earth. These maps are designed to exhibit 
the circles of the earth and the zones. The curved lines 


Questions. —What is a map?—What part-of a map is 
north ?—What part is south ?—East ?—West ? 

Questions on the Maps. —How many zones are there?— 
Which of them is north of the Arctic Circle ?—Which is south 
of the Antarctic Circle?—What zone is between the Arctic 
Circle and the Tropic of Cancer ?—What zone is between the 
Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle?—What zone is 
between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn ?— 
What zone does the Equator cross?—In what direction would 
you travel to go from the South Temperate to the North Tem¬ 
perate Zone?—What zone would you cross?—In what direc¬ 
tion would you travel to go from the North Frigid to the 
Torrid Zone?—What zone would you cross? 








































SURFACE OF THE EARTH. 


16 

LESSON XI. 

SURFACE OF THE EARTH. 

1. The surface of the earth consists of land and 
water. The water covers about three-fourths of the 
earth's surface. 

2. There is a great difference in the various divi¬ 
sions of land and water which form the earth's 
surface, and different names are given to them. 

3. The principal natural divisions of the land 
are continents, islands, peninsulas, capes, isthmuses, 
coasts, plains, mountains, hills, volcanoes, valleys, 
and deserts. 

4. These divisions are called natural, to distin¬ 
guish them from those formed by man, such as 
states and countries. 

5. A continent is a great body of land, con¬ 
taining many countries. 

6 . An island is a body of land entirely sur¬ 
rounded by water. 

7. There are two continents, the Eastern and the 
Western. 

8 . Islands differ from continents only in size; 
both are entirely surrounded by water. The largest 
island in the world is much smaller than either of 
the continents. 


Questions. —Of what does the surface of the earth consist? 
—What portion of the earth’s surface is covered by water ?— 
If three-fourths of it is water, how much is land ?—How 
much more of it, then, is water than land ?—What are the 
principal natural divisions of the land?—Why are these 
divisions called natural?—What is a continent?-—What is 
an island?—How many continents are there?—What are 
their names ?—Do you live on a continent or an island ?— 
Which is the larger, a continent or an island ? 


LESSON XII. 

NATURAL DIVISIONS OF THE LAND. 

1. A peninsula is a body of land nearly sur¬ 
rounded by water. 


2. A cape is a point of land extending into the 
water. 

3. An isthmus is a narrow neck of land, which 
connects a peninsula with the main land. 

4. A coast is the land bordering on the sea. 

5. A plain is a tract of land nearly level. 

6. A mountain is a tract of land which rises 
considerably above the general surface. 

7. Elevations of less than two thousand feet are 
usually termed hills. 

8. A volcano is a mountain which casts out 
fire, smoke, melted lava, or other substances, from 
its interior. 

9. A valley is a tract of country situated be¬ 
tween mountains or hills. 

10. A desert is a tract of land which is nearly 
or wholly barren. 


Questions. —What is a peninsula?—What is the difference 
between an island and a peninsula?—What is a cape?— 
What is an isthmus?—What is a coast?—What is a plain?— 
What is a mountain ?—What is the difference between a 
mountain and a hill?—What is a volcano ?—What is a val¬ 
ley ?—What is a desert ? 


LESSON XIII. 

NATURAL DIVISIONS OF THE WATER. 

1. TnE waters upon the surface of the earth 
consist of the ocean and its various divisions, and 
of lakes and rivers. 

2. The ocean or sea is that great body of salt 
water which covers nearly three-fourths of the sur¬ 
face of the earth. 

3. The ocean is divided into five principal 
parts, which are also called oceans. These are the 
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic 
Oceans. 

4. Parts of the ocean near the land or extending 

O 

into the land, are sometimes called seas, gulfs, bays, 
sounds, straits, and channels. 











5. A SEA, GULF, or BAY 
is a body of water nearly 
surrounded by land. 

6. Seas, gulfs, and bays 
are in some cases more 
open to the ocean. There 
is little difference between 
these divisions, though 
bays are generally smaller 
than seas and gulfs. 

7. A sound is a pas¬ 
sage of water, so shallow 
that its depth may be easily 
measured. 

8. A strait is a narrow 
passage connecting two 
large bodies of water. 

9. A channel differs 

from a strait in being much wider. 


Questions. —Of what do the waters upon the surface of 
the earth consist?—What is the ocean or sea?—Into how 
many parts is the ocean divided ?—What are these parts 
called ?—What are parts of the ocean near the land or 
extending into it sometimes called ?—What is a sea, gulf, 
or bay ?—Which are generally the larger, seas and gulfs or 
bays?—What is a sound?—What is a strait?—How does a 
channel differ from a strait ? 


LESSON XIV. 


A VIEW ON THE RIVER ST LAWRENCE. 


flows into the sea, or into some other body of 
water. 

4. The source of a river is the place where it 
rises. 

5. The mouth of a river is the place where it 
empties. 

6. Rivers are usually formed of small streams 
flowing from springs, among the mountains and 
hills. 

7. These small streams are variously called rills, 
rivulets, brooks, and creeks. 

8. The sudden descent, or fall of the water of a 
river, is called a waterfall. A small waterfall is a 
cascade, a large one is a cataract. 

9. A navigable river is one on which vessels can 
navigate or sail. 


1. A lake is a body of water surrounded by 
land. 

2. The greater number of lakes have streams of 
water flowing into them and from them. Lakes 
which have no outlets, or streams flowing from 
them, are generally salt. 

3. A river is a stream of fresh water which 
2 


Questions. —What is a lake?—Do lakes usually have 
streams of water flowing into them ?—Do they generally 
have streams flowing from them ?—What kinds of lakes are 
those which have no streams flowing from them?—What is 
a river?—What is the source of a river?—What is the mouth 
of a river?—How are rivers usually formed?—What names 
are given to the small streams which flow into rivers ?— 
What is a waterfall?—What is a cascade?—What is a cata¬ 
ract?—What is the difference between a cascade and a cata¬ 
ract ?—What is a navigable river? 



































18 


USE OF MAPS. 



LESSON XV. 

USE OF MAPS. 

1. Maps show us what part of the surface of the 
earth represented by them, is land, and what part 
is water. They enable us to see at once the form 
of the different divisions of land and water. 

2. They assist us in comparing the size of dif¬ 
ferent countries, and they show us the direction 
from one place to another. 

3. The scale of a map enables us to tell the dis¬ 
tance between different places. Thus, if the scale 
of a map is 100 miles to an inch, the distance of an 
inch upon that map represents 100 miles. 


[In this book the scales of the different maps will be found 
underneath their titles.] 

[The engraving upon this page is a map which is designed 
to show the manner in which the principal natural divisions 
of the land and water are represented upon the maps. The 
part colored brown represents the land, and the part colored 
light blue, the water.] 


Questions. —What is a map? ( Sec page 15.)—State any 
of the uses of maps.—Suppose the scale of a map to be 50 
miles to an inch, and the distance between two places, mea¬ 
sured on the map, is 4 inches ; how far apart are they ? 

Questions on tiie Map. —Name the principal natural 
divisions of land represented upon the map.—The principal 
natural divisions of water.—What do you call those divisions 
of land which are surrounded by water ?—Those which are 
nearly surrounded by water ?—Of what two oceans is a part 
represented upon the map ?—How many rivers are represented 
upon the map ?—Into what body of water do they flow ? 






















C L I M A T E.—V E G E T A T I 0 N.—A NIMALS. 


LESSON XVI. 

CLIMATE. 

1. By the climate of a country we mean its 
degree of heat or cold, its moisture or dryness, its 
healthfulness or unhealthfulness. 

2. The hottest countries are in the Torrid Zone. 
Snow never falls in this zone, except upon the 
mountains. 

3. The coldest countries are in the Frig-id Zones. 
Near the Poles the ground is always covered with 
snow and ice. 

4. Countries in the Temperate Zones generally 
have warm summers and cold winters. 

5. It is much colder upon the top of a mountain 
than at the foot of it. The summits of very high 
mountains are always covered with snow. 

Questions.- -What is meant by the climate of a country? 
—In what zone are the hottest countries ?—Does snow ever 
fall in the Torrid Zone?—In what zones are the coldest 
countries ?—Is the ground, in any part of these zones, always 
covered with snow ?—What is the climate of countries gene¬ 
rally in the Temperate Zones ?—Where is it coldest, on the 
top or at the foot of a mountain ?—Are the summits of any 
mountains always covered with snow ?—To what zone would 
you go to find warmer winters than those where you live ?— 
To what zone would you go to find colder summers ?—In 
what zone do you live ? 


LESSON XVII. 

VEGETATION. 

1. The vegetable productions of the earth vary 
with the climate. 

2. By vegetable productions we mean trees, 
flowers, fruits, grains, and all other plants. 

3. Yams, bananas, plantains, bread-fruit, oranges, 
lemons, pine-apples, and cocoanuts, are among the 
most important productions of the countries in the 
Torrid Zone. 


19 


4. Most of the spices which we use, such as 
pepper, cloves, nutmegs, and cinnamon, come from 
countries in the Torrid Zone. 

5. Bice, cotton, coffee, and the sugar-cane— 
from which sugar is made—are produced in the 
Torrid, and in the warmer parts of the Temperate 
Zones. 

6. Wheat, corn, and other grains, and potatoes, 
are some of the most important productions of the 
Temperate Zones. The tea-plant, grows in the 
North Temperate Zone. 

7. Few plants of much value grow in the Frigid 
Zones. Stunted trees and low shrubs are almost 
the only productions of these cold regions. 


Questions. —With what do the vegetable productions of 
the earth vary ?—What is meant by vegetable productions ? 
—Is a rose a vegetable production ?—Is an apple a vegetable 
production?—A chestnut?—Mention some of the most im¬ 
portant productions of countries in the Torrid Zone?—From 
what zone do we obtain most of the spices which we use ?— 
What articles can you name which grow both in the Torrid 
and in the warm part of the Temperate Zones ?—What are 
some of the most important productions of the Temperate 
Zones?—Where does the tea-plant grow?—Mention three of 
the most important vegetable productions of the vicinity in 
which you live.—What are some of the productions of the 
Frigid Zone ? 


LESSON XVIII. 

ANIMALS. 

1. The earth is inhabited by a vast number and 
a great variety of different animals. 

2. The largest and most ferocious land animals 
inhabit the Torrid Zone. Among these are the 
elephant, rhinoceros, lion, and tiger. These ani¬ 
mals are not found, however, upon the Western 
Continent. 

3. The buffalo, bear, deer, and wolf are among 
the largest of the wild animals of the Temperate 
Zones. 




















MAN.—RACES OF MEN. 


20 


4. The white or polar bear, reindeer, and many 
smaller animals which are valuable for their furs, 
inhabit the Frigid Zones. 

5. Most animals can only live in the climate for 
which they are by nature adapted. The white 
bear cannot endure the warmth of the Torrid 
Zoue, nor can the lion and tiger live amidst the 
snow and ice of the Frigid Zones. 

6. Many of the most useful domestic animals, 
however, such as the horse, ox, and dog, are fouud 
in almost every part of the world which is inhabited 
by man. 

Questions. —Do many animals inhabit the earth ?—What 
kind of land animals inhabit the Torrid Zone ?—Name some 
of the animals which inhabit this zone.—Are they found upon 
the Western Continent?—Mention some of the wild animals 
of the Temperate Zones.—Some of the animals which inhabit 
the Frigid Zones.—For what are many of the smaller animals 
which inhabit the Frigid Zones valuable ?—Can the animals 
of the Torrid Zone live in the Frigid Zones ?—Can those of 
the Frigid live in the Torrid Zone ?—What useful domestic 
animals can live in almost any part of the world?—Name 
any animals of the Torrid Zone which you have seen.—Name 
any animals of the Frigid Zones which you have seen.—Are 
there any wild animals near where you live ? 


LESSON XIX. 

M A N. 

1. The earth was made for man, and nearly 
every part of the land of the earth is inhabited by 
man. 

2. Man can live in every climate and on every 
kind of food. 

3. He can live in every climate, because he can 
adapt his clothing to the heat or cold of every 
climate. 

4. In the Frigid Zone, where there is little or 
no vegetable food, men subsist almost wholly on 
animals. 

5. In the Torrid Zone, vegetable food is better 
adapted to the health of men. Therefore, in this 
zone, men live principally on fruits and vegetables. 


6. In the Temperate Zones, animal and vege¬ 
table food are both abundant. In these zones, men 
partake of both. 

Questions. —For whom was the earth made?—Are there 
many parts of the land of the earth which are not inhabited 
by men ?—Can man live in all climates, and on all kinds of 
food?—Why can he live in every climate?—Do men wear 
thick or thin clothing in a cold climate ?—What sort of 
clothing do they wear in a warm climate?—On what kind 
of food do men live in the Frigid Zones?—Why?—On what 
kind of food do men live in the Torrid Zone?—Why?—Of 
what kind of food do men partake in the Temperate Zones? 


LESSON XX. 

RACES OF MEN. 

1. Mankind is divided into five varieties, or 
races, differing from each other in personal appear¬ 
ance. 

2. The five races are the Caucasian, Mongolian, 
Ethiopian, Malay, and American. 

3. The Caucasian, or White race, is superior to 
all others in intelligence and enterprise. The 
white inhabitants of the United States, and nearly 
all Europeans belong to this race. 

4. The Mongolian, or Yellow race, is found 
chiefly in Asia. The Chinese belong to this race. 

5. The Ethiopian, or Black race, includes the 
negroes of Africa and other parts of the world. 

6. The Malay, or Brown race, inhabits many of 
the islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. 

7. The American, or Bed race, includes the In¬ 
dians of America. 

Questions.— Into how many varieties, or races, is man¬ 
kind divided?—Do they all look alike?—Which are the five 
races ?—Which of these races is superior to all others in 
intelligence and enterprise ?—Of what color is the Caucasian 
race?—Who belong to this race?—Of what color is the Mon¬ 
golian race?—Where is this race found?—Name a people 
who belong to this race.—Of what color is the Ethiopian 
race?—Who are included in this race?—What part of the 
world is inhabited by the Malay race?—Of what color are 
the people of this race?—To what race do the Indians of 
America belong ?—Of what color is this race ? 



















STATES OF SOCIETY.—GOVERNMENT. 21 


LESSON XXI. 

STATES OF SOCIETY. 

1. The various nations and tribes of men differ 
greatly in regard to knowledge and manner of liv¬ 
ing. For this reason they are sometimes divided 
into four classes: savage, barbarous, half-civilized, 
and civilized. 

2. Savages are the lowest and most degraded 
class. They do not cultivate the soil, but live on 
roots and wild fruits, or by hunting and fishing. 

3. The Indians of America, and most of the 
negro tribes of Africa, are savages. 

4. Barbarous tribes are more advanced than 
savages. They possess many cattle, horses, and 
other animals, with which they roam about, wher¬ 
ever they can find pasturage. 

5. The Arabs of Asia and Africa belong to this 
class. 

6. Savage and barbarous tribes are almost always 
engaged in war. They have no cities, towns, or 
regular dwelling-places, but wander about, living in 
tents, miserable huts, or dens and caves. 


Questions. —Into what four classes are the nations and 
tribes of men divided?—Which is the lowest class?—On 
what do this class live ?—Name any savage tribes.—What 
do barbarous nations possess ?—Why do they roam about 
with their animals?—What people can you name who belong 
to this class ?—Are savage and barbarous tribes peaceful or 
warlike ?—Whore do they live ? 


LESSON XXII. 

STATES OF SOCIETY. 

1. The half-civilized nations are much more 
advanced than the savage and barbarous tribes. 


2. Many of the people of this class live in cities 
and towns, and know something of the useful arts j 
but they make little progress in knowledge, and 
are far behind the civilized nations. 

3. Most of the half-civilized nations belong to 
the Mongolian race. The Chinese are a half- 
civilized people. 

4. Civilized nations are more powerful, and more 
advanced in knowledge, than any others. Their 
influence extends to every part of the earth, and 
they obtain for themselves the productions and 
luxuries of every country and of all climates. 

5. Most of the civilized nations belong to the 
Caucasian race. Nearly all the inhabitants of 
Europe and of the United States belong to this 
class. 


Questions. —What is the next state of society after the 
barbarous ?—Do half-civilized nations make much progress 
in knowledge ?—Do any of the people of the half-civilized 
nations live in cities and towns ?—To which race do most of 
the half-civilized nations belong?—Name a half-civilized 
people.—What nations are more powerful than any others ? 
—To what race do most of the civilized nations belong ?— 
Name some of the countries whose inhabitants belong to this 
class. 


LESSON XXIII. 

GOVERNMENT. 

1. Men have found it necessary, when living 
together, to make certain rules or laws to prevent 
or settle disputes among themselves, and to punish 
robbery, murder, or other crimes. 

2. These laws, and the power to enforce them, 
form the government of a country. 

3. In some countries the people elect their own 
rulers, and make their own laws; such a govern¬ 
ment is called a democracy , and the country is 
called a republic. 











POLITICAL DIVISIONS.—RELIGION. 


22 


4. In other countries the ruler holds his power 
for life; such a government is called a monarchy. 

5. Monarchies may be either absolute or limited. 

6. An absolute monarchy is a government in 
which the sovereign rules according to his own 
will. China and most of the half-civilized countries 
are absolute monarchies. 

7. A limited monarchy is a government in which 
the power of the sovereign is limited by law. Great 
Britain, France, and many other civilized countries 
are limited monarchies. 

8. There are few or no forms of law among 
savage and barbarous tribes. The lives and pro¬ 
perty of the people are generally at the disposal of 
the chiefs. 


Questions. —Why have men found it necessary to make 
rules and laws when living together ?—What do these laws 
and the power to enforce them form ?—What kind of a go¬ 
vernment is called a democracy?—What is a country with a 
democratic government called?—What kind of a government 
is called a monarchy?—Name the two kinds of monarchies. 
—What is an absolute monarchy?—What is a limited mo¬ 
narchy ?—What countries are absolute monarchies ?—What 
countries are limited monarchies ?—What can you say of the 
governments of the savage and barbarous tribes ? 


LESSON XXIV. 

POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 

1. The political divisions of the earth are those 
which have been formed by man. The principal 
of them are republics, kingdoms, and empires. 

2. These political divisions are usually repre¬ 
sented on maps by different colors. 

3. A republic is a country in which the people 
choose their own rulers. The United States form 
the best example of a republic. 

4. A kingdom is a country which is usually go¬ 
verned by a king. Great Britain is a kingdom. 


5. An empire is a country which is usually go¬ 
verned by an emperor. France and Russia are 
empires. 

6. All of these divisions contain many cities, 
towns, and villages. 

7. The capital of a country is the place where 
the laws of that country are made. Washington 
is the capital of the United States. 


Questions. —What are political divisions?—Name the 
principal of them.—How are they represented on maps?— 
What is a republic ?—Mention one.—What is a kingdom ?— 
Mention one.—What is an empire ?—What countries are 
empires ?—What do these political divisions contain ?—What 
is the capital of a country ?—Name the capital of the United 
States.—In what country do you live ?—Is that country a 
republic, a kingdom, or an empire ? 


LESSON XXV. 

RELIGION. 

1. The principal forms of religion which prevail 
in the world, are the Christian, Jewish, Moham¬ 
medan, and Pagan. 

2. Christians believe in Jesus Christ as the 
Saviour of mankind, and in the Bible as the Word 
of God. They form three great classes—Roman 
Catholics, Protestants, and adherents of the Greek 
Church. 

3. Jews believe in the Old Testament as the 
Word of God. They reject Christ and his Gospel, 
and expect a Messiah, or Saviour, yet to come. 

4. Mohammedans believe in one God, and that 
Mohammed was his prophet- Mohammed lived in 
Arabia about 600 years after Christ. 

5. Pagans believe in false gods, and worship 
many different objects, such as idols, beasts, and 
serpents. 

6. The Christian nations are much more power- 











BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY. 


ful than any others upon the globe. About one- 
half of the inhabitants of the earth are Pa^aus. 

Questions. —What are the principal forms of religion 
which prevail in the world?—What do Christians believe?— 
W hat three classes do they form ?—What do the Jews be¬ 
lieve?—What do the Mohammedans believe?—When did 
Mohammed live?—What do Pagans believe?—What nations 
are more powerful than any others ?—What part of the popu¬ 
lation of the globe are Pagans ? 


LESSON XXYI. 

BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY. 

1. Tiie greater part of the people of the civilized 
and half-civilized nations of the earth are employed 
in agriculture, manufacturing, or in commerce. 

2. Many persons are also engaged in raising 
live-stock, in the fisheries, and in mining. 

3. By live-stock we mean cattle (that is, oxen and 
cows), horses, sheep, and some other animals. 

4. We obtain from these animals various articles 
of much value, such as hides, horns, and wool. 

5. The products of the fisheries are also very 
valuable. Oil and whalebone are obtained from 
the whale, seal-skin and oil from the seal, and 
great numbers of cod, mackerel, and other fish are 
salted, or otherwise preserved for food. 

6. Mining is the business of obtaining mineral 
productions. The place where they are obtained 
is called a mine. 

7. Mineral productions are very numerous. Iron, 
gold, silver, coal, and salt are some of them. 

Questions. —In what are the greater part of the people 
of civilized and half-civilized nations employed?—In what 
other pursuits are many persons also employed ?—What do 
you mean by live-stock?—Namo some of the articles we ob¬ 
tain from animals.—Can you name any articles not mentioned 
in the text?—What are some of the products of the fisheries ? 

_What is mining ?—What is the place called where mineral 

productions are obtained?—Name some of the more import¬ 
ant mineral productions.—Are there any important fisheries 
near where you live ?—Are there any mines in your vicinity ? 


LESSON XXVII. 

BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY. 

1. Agriculture is the cultivation of the soil. 
The farmer who raises wheat, corn, and other 
grains is employed in agriculture. 

2. More persons are employed in agriculture in 
the United States, than in any other branch of 
industry. 

3. Manufacturing is the art of adapting natu¬ 
ral productions to the uses of man. 

4. The natural productions of the earth are 
either animal, vegetable, or mineral; and many 
different articles are made from each of these 
classes of productions. 

5. Thus cloth is made from wool—an animal 

production, and also from cotton—a vegetable pro ' 

duction. A great variety of articles are made from i 

iron, and other minerals. 

' \ 

6. Commerce is the exchange of goods. It may 

be either foreign or domestic 

7. Foreign commerce is the trade which one 
country carries on with another. Thus flour, which 
is made in the United States, is sent to Brazil, in 
South America, and exchanged for coffee and other 
articles which are produced in Brazil. 

8. Domestic commerce is the trade between the 
inhabitants of the same country. Thus sugar, which 
is produced in Louisiana, is sent to New England, 
and exchanged for boots and shoes, and other 
articles which are made in New England. 


Questions. —What is agriculture?—Give an example of a 
person employed in agriculture.—What can you say about 
the number of persons employed in agriculture in the United 
States ?—What is manufacturing ?—What are the three classes I 
of natural productions?—Name an article manufactured from I 
an animal production.—Name an article manufactured from I 
a vegetable production.—Name any articles manufactured i 
from mineral productions.—What is commerce ?—What are 
the two kinds of commerce?—AVhat is foreign commerce? 
—Give an example of foreign commerce.—What is domestic 
commerce?—Give an example of domestic commerce. 


















































































TIIE HEMISPHERES. 

LESSON XXVIII. 

THE HEMISPHERES. 

GRAND DIVISIONS. 

1. The entire surface of the earth is represented 
by the maps of the Eastern and Western Hemi¬ 
spheres. 

2. The map of the Western Hemisphere, on the 
opposite page, represents one-half of the earth’s 
surface, and the map of the Eastern Hemisphere, 
on the next page, the other half. 

3. Of the land surface of the earth, there are 
five grand divisions, namely, America, Europe, 
Asia, Africa, and Oceanica. 

4. Of these, Asia is the largest, America is next 
in size, and Europe is the smallest. 

5. The Western Continent and the adjacent 
islands form the grand division of America. Ame¬ 
rica is divided into two sections, North America 
and South America. 

6. The Eastern Continent and the adjacent islands 
form the three grand divisions of Europe, Asia, and 
Africa. Oceanica consists entirely of islands. 

7. The Western Hemisphere contains America, 
a part of Oceanica, and a small portion of Asia. 

8. The Eastern Hemisphere contains Europe 
and Africa, nearly all of-Asia, and the greater 
part of Oceanica. 

9. There are several tracts of land near the South 
Pole which are not considered a part of either of 
the grand divisions of the earth. 

10. The principal of these are the South Shet¬ 
land Islands and Victoria Land in the Western 
Hemisphere, and the Antarctic Continent and 
Enderby’s Land in the Eastern. 

11. These are dreary desolate regions, entirely 
uninhabited, and perpetually covered with snow 
and ice. 

Questions.— By what two maps is the entire surface of 
the earth represented ?—What portion of the earth’s surface 
is represented by the map of the Western Hemisphere?—By 


G R A N D J) I V I S I 0 N S. 25 


that of the Eastern ?—Name the five grand divisions of the 
land surface of the earth?—Which of them is largest?— 
Which is next in size?—Which is smallest? 

What lands form the grand division of America?—Into 
what two sections is America divided ?—What lands form 
the three grand divisions of Europe, Asia, and Africa?—Of 
what does Oceanica consist?—Which of the grand divisions 
does the Western Hemisphere contain?—The Eastern? 

What can you say of several tracts of land near the South 
Pole?—Which are the principal of these in the Western 
Hemisphere?—In the Eastern?—Describe these regions? 


QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 

How much of the earth’s surface is represented by the map 
of the Western Hemisphere?—Which is the largest division 
of land of this hemisphere ?— Answer. The Western Continent. 

AVhat ocean is north of the Western Continent?—What 
ocean is east?—West? 

What grand division is formed by the Western Continent 
and the adjacent islands ?—Of what two sections does this 
division consist?—By what isthmus are they connected? 

A part of two other grand divisions besides America are 
in the Western Hemisphere; which are they?—Which of the 
two consists wholly of islands ?—In what ocean are these 
islands?—What strait separates the other of the two divi¬ 
sions from North America? 


What island is north of North America?—What three 
islands are east?—Name the group between North and 
South America.—What group of islands is east of the south¬ 
ern part of South America? 

Where are the islands of Terra del Fuego?—What two 
groups of islands are west of South America?—What group 
of islands is west of the northern part of North America? 

Which group of the islands of Oceanica is north of the 
Equator ?—Name the five groups and the single island of 
this division in the Torrid Zone south of the Equator.— 
Name the group south of the Tropic of Capricorn. 

Where are the South Shetland Islands?—Where is Vic¬ 
toria Land ?—From the description, given in the text, of these 
islands and this land, can you assign any reason for their 
being uninhabited ? 


In what direction from America is the Arctic Ocean ?—The 
Antarctic Ocean ?—Where is the Atlantic Ocean ?—The Pa¬ 
cific Ocean ? 

West of what great island is Baffin’s Bay?—Where is 
Hudson’s Bay?—Where is the Gulf of Mexico?—The Carib¬ 
bean Sea?—Of what ocean are these divisions of water a 
part ? 

Between what two grand divisions is the Sea of Ivamts- 
chatka?—Of what ocean is this sea a branch?—What strait 
connects the Sea of Kamtschatka and the Arctic Ocean ? 












NoK.111 pole 


iniusof Suez. 


PhiU£P Vne 

ft 0 

^islands 


AJ3TAK 


f KENGAL 

jJCeylon 


adagascar 


Tropicof Capricorn 


SOUTfl POLE 



































THE II EMI SPHERES. —THE OCEAN. 27 

--— ------- 


LESSON XXIX. 

THE HEMISPHERES. 

THE OCEAN. 

1. Of the great body of salt water which sur¬ 
rounds all the land of the earth, there are also five 
great divisions, or oceans. These arc the Arctic, 
Antarctic, Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. 

2. The first four of these oceans arc in both 
hemispheres. All of the Indian Ocean is in the 
Eastern Hemisphere. 

3. The Arctic Ocean is north of the Arctic 
Circle. The Antarctic Ocean is south of the 
Antarctic Circle. The greater part of the water of 
both these oceans is perpetually frozen. 

4. The Atlantic Ocean is east of America. 
Travellers going from the eastern coast of America 
to Europe and Africa sail across this ocean. 

5. The Pacific Ocean is west of America. 
Travellers going from the western coast of America 
to Asia sail across this ocean. 

6. The Indian Ocean is south of Asia. Travel¬ 
lers going from the southern coast of Asia to 
Africa sail across this ocean. 

7. The Pacific is by far the largest ocean. The 
Atlantic is next in size. The Arctic ocean is the 
smallest. 

8. The seas, gulfs, and bays which border on 
the coasts of the continents, or extend into the 
land, are parts of these different oceans. 

9. Thus, the Gulf of Mexico and the North 
Sea are branches of the Atlantic Ocean, and the 
Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal are parts of the 
Indian Ocean. 

Questions. —How many oceans are there?—Name them? 
—Which of these are in both hemispheres ?—Which one is 
wholly in the Eastern Hemisphere?—Where is the Arctic 
Ocean ?—Where is the Antarctic Ocean ?—What can you say 
of the water of both these oceans ? 

East of what grand division is the Atlantic Ocean ?—West 
of what grand division is the Pacific Ocean ?—South of what 
grand division is the Indian Ocean ?—If you wished to go 
from Europe to the eastern coast of America on what ocean 
would you sail ? 


On what ocean would you sail to go from the southern 
coast of Asia to Africa?—If you wished to go from Asia to 
the western coast of America on what ocean would you sail ? 
—Suppose you wanted to go from the eastern coast of Ame¬ 
rica to Africa, what ocean would you cross? 

Which is the largest ocean?—Which is next in size?— 
Which is the smallest?—AVhat divisions of water are parts 
of the different oceans ?—Of what ocean are the Gulf of 
Mexico and North Sea branches?—The Arabian Sea and 
Bay of Bengal ? 


QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 

How much of the surface of the earth is represented by the 
map of the Eastern Hemisphere?—Which is the largest land 
division of this hemisphere?— Answer. The Eastern Continent. 

What three grand divisions do this continent and the ad¬ 
jacent islands form?—The most southern of these is a great 
peninsula; which is that?—By what isthmus is it connected 
with the main land?—The greater part of what other grand 
division is in the Eastern Hemisphere ?—Of what does this 
division entirely consist? 

What ocean is north of the Eastern Continent?—What 
ocean is east?—South?—West? 


Name the islands north of Europe.—The group east of 
Asia?—Where is the island of Ceylon?—Madagascar?— 
What group of islands west of Europe ? 

AVhich is the largest island of Oceanica?—In what direc¬ 
tion is this island from Asia?—Where is the island of Tas¬ 
mania?—Of New Guinea?—Name the group of islands and 
single island between Australia and Asia.—Where are the 
Philippine Islands? 

Where is the Antarctic Continent?—Where is Enderby’s 
Land?—What can you tell about these regions? 


Where is the Sea of Japan ?—The Yellow Sea?—Between 
what group of islands and Asia is the China Sea?—Of what 
ocean are these seas a part ? 

What great sea and bay are south of Asia?—What long 
narrow sea between Africa and Asia?—Of what ocean are 
these bodies of water branches ? 

What great sea between Europe and Africa?—Where is 
the Black Sea?—The Baltic Sea?—What sea east of the 
British Islands?—Of what ocean are these seas a part? 


Spell Ocean.—What is an ocean?—Spell Island?—Conti¬ 
nent?—Isthmus?—What is an Island?—A Continent?—An 
Isthmus ?—Spell America.—Europe.—Asia.—Africa.—Oce¬ 
anica.—Atlantic.—Pacific.—Arctic.—Antarctic.—What is the 
meaning of Arctic ?—Antarctic ? 

Note. — All questions as to the signification or meaning of 
icords may he answered from the Pronouncing Vocabulary at 
the end of the hook. 












PAR 

DESCRIPTIONS 


T IT. 

OF COUNTRIES. 



A WALRUS IIUUT. THE GREAT GEYSER OF ICELAND. 


CHAPTER I. 

NORTH AMERICA. 

1. North America is the northern part of 
America. It is connected with South America by 
the Isthmus of Panama. 

2. The principal mountain chains of North 
America are the Alleghany and the Rocky Moun¬ 
tains. They divide the country into three different 
sections; namely,— 

1. The Atlantic Slope, 

2. The Pacific Slope, 

3. The Great Central Plain. 


Questions.— What part of America is North America?_ 

How is it connected with South America?—Which are the 


1. The Atlantic Slope.— This section includes the 
country between the Alleghany Mountains and the 
Atlantic Ocean. It is called the Atlantic Slope because 
the land slopes or inclines towards that ocean. 

This is the most thickly settled part of North America, 
and contains the most populous cities on the Western 
Continent. 

2. The Pacific Slope includes the country between 
the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Immense 
quantities of gold have been found in this section. 

3. The Great Central Plain— This section em¬ 
braces all of North America between the Alleghany and 
the Rocky Mountains. It extends from the Arctic Ocean 
on the north to the Gulf of Mexico on the south. 

The southern portion of this plain includes within its 
limits the great valley of the Mississippi, which is one 
of the most fertile regions upon the globe. 


principal mountain chains ?—Into what three sections do 
they divide the country ?—Where is the Atlantic Slope ? 























NORTH A M E R I C A. 


3. The different divisions of North America arc 
Danish America, British America, Russian Ame¬ 
rica, the United States, Mexico, Central America, 
and the West Indies. 

DANISH AMERICA, BRITISH AMERICA, AND RUSSIAN 

AMERICA. 

4. Danish, British, and Russian America ore 
the three northern divisions of North America. 
They belong to different European countries: 
Danish America to Denmark, British America to 
Great Britain, and Russian America to Russia. 

5. They are, in general, very cold countries, and, 
except in Iceland aud in the southern part of British 
America, contain few white inhabitants. 

6. The native inhabitants of these cold regions 
of the north are Esquimaux and Indians, who 
derive their subsistence chiefly from hunting and 
fishing. 

The Esquimaux inhabit the extreme northern districts. 
They are a hardy race of savages, low in stature, and 
very filthy in their habits. 

7. White bears, reindeer, moose, elk, and many 
small fur bearing animals are numerous on the 
land of these regions, and whales, seals, and wal¬ 
ruses are abundant in the waters along the coast. 

The walrus is a ferocious creature, sometimes eighteen 
feet long, with tusks three feet long. Yet the Esquimaux, 
armed only with spears, do not hesitate to attack them. 

The engraving is a representation of a walrus hunt, 
as described by the late bold Arctic explorer, Dr. Kane. 

8. Danish America includes Greenland and 
Iceland. 

Greenland is the coldest country of which we have 
any knowledge. 

Where is the Pacific Slope?—Where is the Great Central 
Plain ?—What ocean is upon the north of it ?—What gulf 
on the south?—Which portion of this plain includes the 
Valley of the Mississippi ?—In which of these sections of 
North America do you live?—Name the different divisions 
of North America.—Which are the three northern divisions? 

_To what European countries do each of these belong?— 

Who are the native inhabitants ?—By what means do they 


29 


Iceland is noted for its geysers, or hot springs, which 
spout up hot water to a great height. The engraving is 
a representation of the principal one of them. 

9. British America includes all of North 
America north of the United States, except the 
Russian possessions and Danish America. 

Gold has very recently been discovered on Fraser’s 
River, in British Columbia, in the south-western part of 
this division. 

(Note. —The settled portions of British America, Ca¬ 
nada, &c., are described on page 56.) 

10. Russian America is a cold dreary region, 
of which we know but little. It is principally 
valuable to Russia on account of the furs which 
are there collected. 



WINTER RESIDENCE OF THE NATIVES OF ALASKA. 


The Peninsula of Alaska, which is a part of Rus¬ 
sian America, is inhabited by a peculiar race of savages, 
whose huts are underneath the ground. The engraving 
is a picture of one of their habitations. 


chiefly subsist ?—Describe the Esquimaux.—What animals 
are found in these northern regions ?—Describe the walrus. 
—What does Danish America include ?—What can you say 
about Greenland?—For what is Iceland noted?—What part 
of North America does British America occupy ?—Where, in 
this division, has gold recently been found?—For what is 
Russian America valuable to Russia?—What can you say 
about the inhabitants of Alaska? 



































































NORTH AMERICA. 31 


QUESTIONS 

ON THE 

MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. 


Boundaries and General Surface. 

In what hemisphere is North America ?—Of what continent 
is the main land of North America a part?—What ocean 
bounds it on the north?—On the east?—What gulf on the 
south ?—What ocean on the west ? 

By what isthmus is North America connected with South 
America?—By what strait is it separated from Asia? 

Along the coast of what ocean do the Alleghany Mountains 
extend ?—The Ilocky Mountains ?—What name is given to 
the Rocky Mountains in Mexico and Central America?— 
Answer. Sierra Maclre. 

What is the section of country between the Alleghany 
Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean called ?—Why is it so 
called ?—What is the section between the Rocky Mountains 
and Pacific Ocean called ?—What is tho section between the 
Alleghany and Rocky Mountains called?—In what part of 
this section is the Mississippi Valley ? 

Islands. 

What island and group of Islands are north of North 
America ?—What great island is east of Baffin’s Bay ?— 
Where is Iceland?—Where is Newfoundland?—Where are 
the Bermuda Islands ? 

What group of islands between North and South America? 
—What group of the West Indies is east of Florida?—What 
large island is south of Florida?—Name the island south of 
^ Cuba.—Where is Hayti?—Porto Rico? 

In what ocean is Vancouver Island?—Where is Washing¬ 
ton Island ?—Sitka Island ? 

Peninsulas, Capes, and Isthmuses. 

Where is the peninsula of Nova Scotia?—What peninsula 
forms the south-eastern part of the United States ?—What 
peninsula in the south-eastern part of Mexico ?—Where is 
the peninsula of California?—Where is Alaska? 

Of what island does Cape Farewell form the southern ex¬ 
tremity ?—Of which peninsula does Cape San Lucas form the 
southern extremity ?—Where is Cape Mendocino ?—Which is 
the most western cape of North America?—Where is it? 

Where is the Isthmus of Panama?—What bodies of land 
does it connect ? 

Oceans, Seas, Gulfs, and Bays. 

Where is the Arctic Ocean ?—The Atlantic Ocean ?—The 
Pacific Ocean ? 

Where is the Caribbean Sea?—By what group of islands 
is it separated from the Atlantic Ocean ?—Where is the Gulf 
of St. Lawrence ?—Where is the Gulf of Mexico ?—What 


divisions of North America border on this gulf?—What gulf 
in the western part of Mexico ? 

What two bays in the northern part of North America?— 
Which of them is furthest north ? 

Straits. 

What strait connects Baffin’s Bay with the ocean?—Hud¬ 
son’s Bay ?—With what ocean are these bays connected? 

What bodies of land are separated by the Strait of Bellisle? 
—What bodies of water are connected by Bhering’s Strait? 

Rivers and Lakes. 

What river of British America flows into the Arctic Ocean ? 
—What lakes are connected with this river?—What river of 
British America flows into Hudson’s Bay?—From what lake 
does this river flow ? 

What river of the United States flows into Lake Winnipeg? 
—Name the five great lakes between the United States and 
British America?—Which is furthest north?—Which furthest 
east ?—With what river are they connected ?—Into what gulf 
does the St. Lawrence flow ? 

Where is the Mississippi River?—In what direction does it 
flow ?—Into what gulf?—What river flows into the Mississippi 
on the east ?—What three rivers on the west ?—Between what 
divisions is the Rio Grande?—Where is Lake Nicaragua? 

Into what gulf does the Colorado flow ?—Where is the Co¬ 
lumbia River?—Into what ocean does it flow?—Where is 
Fraser’s River? 

Political Divisions of North America. 

What are the three northern divisions of North America?— 
Which of these consists of islands ?—In what part of British 
America is Labrador?—Canada?—British Columbia ? 

What division is south of British America?—Where is the 
Balize?—Where is Mexico?—What division south of Mexico? 

Cities and Towns. 

What is the capital of British America?—What is the capi¬ 
tal of the United States?—Of Mexico?—Name the divisions 
in which each of the following places are situated :—Quebec? 
Lichtenfels ?—Reikavik ?—Montreal ?—New York ?—Phila¬ 
delphia?—Charleston ?—San Francisco ?—Vera Cruz ?—New 
Guatimala ?—New Orleans ?—Havana ?—Boston ? 

Miscellaneous. 

In what part of North America is Washington Land?— 
Grinnell Land?—Are these cold or warm regions ? 

In what part of British America is there a gold region ?— 
In what other division of North America is there one also? 

On what ocean would a vessel sail to go from New York 
to the island of Porto Rico?—From San Francisco to Van¬ 
couver Island?—Through what strait would you sail to go 
from the Arctic into the Pacific Ocean ? 


Spell the following words:—Greenland, Iceland, Mexico, 
West Indies, Labrador, Alaska, Bhering, Lichtenfels, Sitka, 
Reikavik.—What is the meaning of Reikavik ? 










THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AT WASHINGTON. 




CHAPTER II. 

THE UNITED STATES. 

1. The United States occupy the central part of 
North America. They extend from the great 
lakes on the north, to the Gulf of Mexico on the 
south; from the Atlantic Ocean on the east, to 
the Pacific Ocean on the west. 

The United States constitute the largest and by far 
the most important division of North America. They 
comprise thirty-three states, seven territories, and the 
District of Columbia. These various divisions are often 
called “The Union.” 

The states are divided into the four sections of the 
Eastern, Middle, Southern, and Western States. 

2. The principal mountain ranges of the United 

Questions.— What part of North America do the United 
States occupy?—Give their extent?—What do they consti¬ 
tute?—What are these various divisions often called?—What 
sections do they comprise ?—Into what four sections are the 
states divided ?—Name the principal mountain ranges.— 


States are the Alleghany, the Rocky, the Cascade, 
and the Sierra Nevada Mountains. 

The Rocky Mountains take the name of Sierra Madre 
in the Territory of New Mexico. 

3. The section of the United States east of the 
Alleghany Mountains is the most thickly settled 
part of the country. 

It contains the great commercial cities of New York, 
Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston. Washington, the 
capital of the United States is in this section of the 
country. The engraving is a view of the Smithsonian 
Institution, a fine building in Washington. 

4. That part of the United States between the 
Alleghany and Rocky Mountains contains the Great 
Valley of the Mississippi, and a very fertile region 
bordering on the great lakes. 


What name is given to the Rocky Mountains in New Mexico? 
—Which is the most thickly settled section of the United 

States ?—What great commercial cities are in this section ?_ 

What does the section between the Rocky and Alleghany 
Mountains contain ? 

__ (32) 













































































TIIE UNITED STATES 




THE FALLS OF NIAGARA 

The great cities of Cincinnati, New Orleans, St. Louis, 
and Chicago are in this section of the United States. 

The Falls of Niagara, in the Niagara River, which 
connects Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, are partly in this 
section of the United States and partly in Canada. These 
falls surpass in grandeur all others upon the globe. 

5. The country west of the Cascade Mountains 
and Sierra Nevada is, for the most part, a fertile 
region. Immense quantities of gold have been 
obtained from that part of California which is 
included in this region. 

San Francisco is the great commercial city of this sec¬ 
tion of the United States. 

6. A large part of the country between the 
Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada and Cas¬ 
cade Ranges is barren land. This section contains 

© 

but few white inhabitants. 


Great Salt Lake City is the largest city of this part of 
the United States. 

7. The population of the United States consists 
principally of whites, negroes, and Indians. 

Nearly all the negroes are in the Southern States; 
most of them are slaves. Nearly all the Indians are 
west of the Mississippi River. 

8. Agriculture, commerce, and manufactures are 
the leading pursuits of the people of the United 
States. 

The mineral productions of the country are also valu¬ 
able. The most important of them are coal, iron, salt, 
gold, copper, lead, and lime. Many persons are em¬ 
ployed in the fisheries. 


What great cities are in this section of the United States ?— 
Where arc the Falls of Niagara?—Describe the country west 
of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains?—From what 
part of this section has gold been obtained?—Which is the 
principal city?—Describe the country between the Rocky 

3 


Mountains, and Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada.—Name 
the largest city of this section.—Of what does the population 
of tho United States consist?—Where are nearly all the 
negroes?—Whero are most of the Indians?—What are the 
leading pursuits of the people of the United States ? 




























































NAMES OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Eastern States. 
Maine. 

New Hampshire. 
Vermont. 
Massachusetts. 
Rhode Island. 
Connecticut. 

Middle States. 

New York. 


New Jersey. 

Florida. 

Kentucky. 

Pennsylvania. 

Alabama. 

Tennessee. 

Delaware. 

Mississippi. 

Arkansas. 


Louisiana. 

Missouri. 

Southern States. 

Texas. 

Michigan. 

Maryland. 


"Wisconsin. 

Virginia. 

Western States. 

Iowa. 

North Carolina. 

Ohio. 

Minnesota. 

South Carolina. 

Indiana. 

California. 

Georgia. 

Illinois. 

Oregon. 


Territories. 

Dakota. 

Nebraska. 

Kansas. 

Indian. 

New Mexico. 
Utah. 

Washington 



































































QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 

What country is north of the United States ?—What ocean 
is east?—What gulf and country are south ?—What ocean is 
west?—In what part of the United States are the Alleghany 
Mountains?—Where are the Rocky Mountains?—What two 
mountain chains are west of the Rocky Mountains?—In 
what part of the United States are the Eastern States ?—In 
what direction from the Eastern States are the Middle States? 


—In what part of the United States are the Southern States? 
—Which of the Western States border on the Pacific Ocean ? 
—Between what two mountain chains are the other Western 
States ?—West of what great river are the territories of the 
United States?—What territory borders on the Pacific? 

In what state is New York ?—Philadelphia ?—Baltimore ? 
—Boston?—New Orleans?—Cincinnati?—St. Louis?—Chi¬ 
cago ?—San Francisco?—In what territory is Great Salt Lake 
City ?—What, and where, is the capital of the United States ? 














































SUMMIT OF MOUNT WASHINGTON. 


CHAPTER III. 

THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 

1. The Eastern States occupy the north-eastern 
part of the United States. They are also called the 
New England States. 

o 

There are six of them, namely— 

1. Maine, 4. Massachusetts, 

2. New Hampshire, 5. Rhode Island, 

3. Vermont, 6. Connecticut. 

2. Manufactures, commerce, and the fisheries, 
are the leading pursuits of the people of the Eastern 
States. 

3. The New Englanders are mostly of English 
descent. They are noted for their industry. Many 
of them have emigrated to the Western States. 

Questions.— What part of the United States do the East¬ 
ern States occupy ?—By what other name are they also 
called ?—How many are there of them ?—Give their names. 
—What are the leading pursuits of the people of the Eastern 
States?—Of what descent are most of the New Englanders? 


MAINE. 

4. Maine is the most eastern of the United 
States, and the largest of the Eastern States. It 
is nearly equal in size to all the rest of New 
England. 

The northern and central parts of Maine contain ex¬ 
tensive pine forests, and great quantities of pine lumber 
are cut there. Moi*e ships are built in this state than in 
any other in the Union. 

5. Augusta is the capital of Maine. Portland 
is the largest city. Rnngor has an immense lum¬ 
ber trade. Eastport is the most eastern town in 
the United States. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

G. New Hampshire abounds in grand and beau- 

—For what are they noted?—What can you say of the size 
of Maine?—In what part of the state are the pine forests?— 
Of what are more built in Maine than in any other state ?— 
Name the capital of Maine.—The largest city.—What city has 
a great trade in lumber?—What can you say of Eastport? 

(36) 


























T1IE EASTERN, OR NE 


tiful scenery. For this reason it is often called 
“the Switzerland of America/’ 

The White Mountains are in New Hampshire. Mount 
Washington, the highest of them, is about a mile and a 
quarter high. 

The engraving is a view of the summit of Mount Wash¬ 
ington. Many people go up there in summer to behold 
the fine view which may be seen from it. 

7. Concord is the capital of the state. Man¬ 
chester and Nashua are manufacturing places. 
Portsmouth is the only sea-port. 

VERMONT. 

8. Vermont means “Green Mountain.” The 
Green Mountains are in Vermont. Great numbers 
of horses, cattle, and sheep are raised in this state. 

9. Montpelier is the capital. Burlington, on 
Lake Champlain, is the largest town. Bennington 
is in the southern part of the state. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

10. Massachusetts is the most populous of the 
New England States. It borders on Massachusetts 
Bay, and for that reason is often called “ the Bay 
State.” 

More boots and shoes, and cotton and woollen goods 
are made in this state, than in any other in the Union. 

IE Boston is the capital of Massachusetts, and 
the largest city in New England. The engraving 
at the head of the next column is a view of the 
Public Library in this city. 

Lowell is noted for its manufactures of cotton and 
woollen goods. Salem, Worcester, and Springfield are 
beautiful and flourishing places. New Bedford sends 
many vessels to the whale fishery. Plymouth is the 
oldest town in New England. 


What is New Hampshire often called?—Why is it so called? 
—What mountains are in this state?—How high is Mount 
Washington?—What is the capital of New Hampshire?— 
What cities are manufacturing places ?—Which is the only 
seaport?—What does Vermont mean?—What animals are 
raised there ?—Name the capital of Vermont.—The largest 
city.—What tqrwn in the southern part of the state ?—What 
can you say of the population of Massachusetts ?—Why is 


5W ENGLAND STATES. 37 



THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. 

RHODE ISLAND. 

12. Rhode Island is the smallest of the United 
States. This state contains many manufacturing 
villages, and great quantities of cotton and woollen 
goods are made here. 

13. Providence and Newport are the capitals. 
Providence is, next to Boston, the largest city in 
New England. Newport is a famous resort for sea¬ 
bathing. 

CONNECTICUT. 

14. Connecticut is south of Massachusetts. The 
state is noted for the great variety and amount of 
its manufactures. 

15. Hartford and New Haven are the capitals 
of Connecticut. New Haven contains Yale Col¬ 
lege. Hartford is on the Connecticut River. 

Massachusetts called the Bay State ?—What are some of the 
principal manufactures?—Name the capital.—For what is 
Lowell noted?—What can you say of Salem, Worcester, and 
Springfield?—Of New Bedford?—Which is the oldest town 
of New England ?—What can you say of the size of Rhode 
Island?—What are some of the manufactures?—Name the 
capitals.—Where is Connecticut?—For what is it noted?— 
Name the capitals.—On what river is Hartford ? 



























































































































THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 


39 


QUESTIONS 

ON TIIE MAP OF TIIE 

NEW ENGLAND STATES. 


Position and General Surface. 

In what part of the United States are the New England 
States?—What ocean on the south-east of them?—What 
state upon the west?—What British Province on the north¬ 
west ?—What British Province is east of Maine ? 

How many are there of the New England States ?—Give 
their names.—Which is the most northern and eastern of 
them ?—AVhich is the most southern and western ? 

What two states are north of Massachusetts ?—What two 
are south of Massachusetts ?—Which is the largest of the 
Eastern States?—Which is the smallest? 

What mountains are in New Hampshire?—What moun- 
! tains are in Vermont?—Where is Mount Ivatahdin ? 

Islands, Peninsulas, and Capes. 

What island is on the coast of Maine ?—What two islands 
are south of the eastern part of Massachusetts ?—Where is 
Block Island?—Long Island? 

Of what state is the Peninsula of Cape Cod a part?—In 
what part of the state is this peninsula? 

What two capes are on the coast of Massachusetts ?—What 
point forms the eastern extremity of Long Island ? 

Bats and Sounds. 

What three hays are on the coast of Maine ?—Which is the 
most northern of these ?—What bay east of Massachusetts ? 

Between what state and island is Long Island Sound? 

Lakes and Rivers. 

What lakes are in the eastern part of Maine ?—With what 
river are these lakes connected ?—What lake is partly in 
Vermont and partly in Canada?—What river flows from this 
lake?—Where is Moosehead Lake?—In what state is Lake 
Winnipiseogee ? 

What lake between Vermont and New York?—What river 
flows from this lake into the St. Lawrence River ? 

What river forms a part of the northern boundary of 
Maine ?—What branch has this river in Maine ?—What river 
forms a part of the eastern boundary of Maine ? 

What river of Maine flows into Penobscot Bay ?—What 
river flows from*Moosehead Lake?—Where is the Andros¬ 
coggin River ? 

In what states is the Merrimac River?—Into what does it 
flow ?—What two states are separated by the Connecticut 
River?—Across what two states and in what direction does 
it flow ?—Into what body of water ? 

Where is Onion River?—In what direction and into what 


docs it flow?—Is the Hudson River in New England?—In 
what state is it ? 

Cities and Towns. 

Name the capital of Maine and state the river on which it 
is situated.—Name the capital of New Hampshire.—On what 
river is it?—On what river is the capital of Vermont? 

What is the capital of Massachusetts ?—On what bay is it ? 
—AVhich of the capitals of Connecticut is situated upon a 
river?—On what river is it? 

On what body of water is the other capital of Connecticut? 
—Name the two capitals of Rhode Island.—AA r hich of them 
is a noted resort for sea-bathing? 

AA r hich is the largest city of Maine ?—On what bay is it ?— 
AATiich are the principal manufacturing towns of New Hamp¬ 
shire ?—On what river are they ? 

AVhich is the largest town of A r ermont?—AVhcre is it?—In 
what part of Arermont is Bennington ?—A\ r hat noted manu¬ 
facturing city is in Massachusetts ?—On what river is it? 

For what is Bangor noted ?—In what state and on what 
river is it?—AA'here is Eastport?—On what river is Spring- 
field?—AVhere is Salem?—New Bedford?—AVorcester?— 
Plymouth ? 

Miscellaneous. 

On what river, ocean, and bay would you sail to go by 
water from Bangor to Boston ?—On what river and sound 
would you sail to go from Hartford to New York ? 

AA r hat two rivers would you cross to go in a direct line 
from Boston to Albany ?—In what state is Albany ? 

Tell the river and mountains you would cross to go in a 
direct line from Concord to Bennington ?—In what state is 
Concord ?—In what state is Bennington ? 

AVhat is the scale of the map of the New England States ? 
—If the scale of this map is 80 miles to an inch, how far 
apart are two places, if the distance between them, measured 
on the map, is two inches ? 

The distance from Boston to Quebec, measured on the 
map, is about four inches : how far is Quebec from Boston ? 
—In what direction from Boston is Quebec ?—In what direc¬ 
tion, and how far from New York is Portsmouth? 

AVhat state would you cross to go from Maine to \ r ermont? 
—From New Hampshire to New York? 

A\ r hat state would you cross, proceeding from New Hamp¬ 
shire to Rhode Island ?—Go west from Providence into the 
state of New York : what state would you cross ? 

To what city of Massachusetts would you go if you wished 
to embark on a whale fishing voyage ?—In which of the New 
England States would you find many of the people making 
cotton and woollen goods ? 

To what Eastern State would you go to see the highest 
mountain in New England ?—To what city in New England 
would you go to visit Yale College? 

Spell the following words:—Maine, New Hampshire, A r er- 
mont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Augusta, 
Concord, Montpelier, Boston, Providence, Newport, Hartford, 
New Haven.—AVhat is the meaning of AVinnipiseogee? 














40 THE MIDDLE ST ATE S.—M ARYL AND AND VIRGINIA. 

i 



NEW YORK. 


THE MARYLAND INSTITUTE, AT BALTIMORE. 

CHAPTER IV. 

THE MIDDLE STATES.—MARYLAND AND 
VIRGINIA. 

1. The section described in this chapter is south¬ 
west of the New England States. It comprises 
the four Middle States, Maryland, and Virginia. 

2. The District of Columbia is also included in this 
section. Maryland and Virginia are Southern States. 

The four Middle States are— 

1. New York, 8. Pennsylvania, 

2. New Jersey, 4. Delaware. 


3. New York is the most popu¬ 
lous and wealthy state in the Liu ion. 
On account of its great power and 
wealth it is often called “the Empire 
State.” 

Albany is the capital of New York 
The City of New York is the largest upon 
the Western Continent, and one of the 
most important commercial cities in the 
world. 

Brooklyn, on Long Island, is next to New York in 
population. Buffalo and Oswego have an immense trade 
with the Western States and Canada. Rochester is noted 
for its flour mills, and Syracuse for its salt works. 

NEW JERSEY. 

4. New Jersey is an agricultural state. It is 
noted for its fine fruits and vegetables. The 
manufactures of this state are also important. 

Trenton is the capital of New Jersey. Newark is the 
largest city. Camden is on the Delaware River, opposite 
to the City of Philadelphia. 


The great commercial cities of this 
section are New York, Philadelphia, and 
Baltimore. 

There are valuable mines of coal and 
iron in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and 
Virginia. Salt is obtained from the salt 
spi’ings of New York and Virginia. 


Agriculture, commerce, and manufactures are the 
leading pursuits of the people of this part of the United 
States. 

Wheat, corn, and other grains are raised in all these 
States. Great quantities of tobacco are produced in 
Virginia and Maryland. 


Questions. —What states are described in Chapter IV.?— 
What district is also included in this section ?—Which are 
the two Southern States of this section?—Name the four 
Middle States.—What are the leading pursuits of the people 
of this section ?—In what states is tobacco produced in great 
quantities?—Which are the great commercial cities of this 
section ?—In what states are there mines of coal and iron ? 
—In what states are there salt springs ?—What is New 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

5. Pennsylvania means “Penn’s Woods.” It 
was so named nearly two hundred years ago. It 
is the most populous of the United States except 
New York. 


York often called?—Why?—Name the capital.—What can 
you say of the City of New Y r ork?—What (jity of New York 
is on Long Island?.—What can you say of Buffalo and 
Oswego ?—For what is Rochester noted ?—Syracuse ?—For 
what is New Jersey noted?—Name the capital.—The largest 
city.— Where is Camden?—What does the name Pennsyl¬ 
vania mean ?—What can you say of the population of 
Pennsylvania ? 


















































THE MIDDLE STATES.-MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA. 41 


Harrisburg is the capital. 
Philadelphia is the largest city in 
Pennsylvania, and the largest 
manufacturing city in the United 
States. It has a greater popula¬ 
tion than any other city of the 
Western Continent, except New 
York. 

The engraving is a view of the 
interior of Independence Hall, in 
Philadelphia. The Declaration of 
Independence was signed in this 
room, on the 4th of July, 1776. 

Pittsburg is noted for its manu¬ 
factures of iron and glass. Alle¬ 
ghany City, Lancaster, and Read¬ 
ing are flourishing places. 


DELAWARE. 

6. Delaware is the smallest 
of the United States, except 
Rhode Island. 

7. Dover is the capital, 
largest city in the state. 



INTERIOR OF INDEPENDENCE HALL. 


VIRGINIA. 


Wilmington is the 


10. Virginia was the birthplace of George Wash¬ 
ington, the Father of our country. It is the largest 
of the Southern States except Texas. 


MARYLAND. 

8. Maryland is divided by Chesapeake Bay into 
two sections. That part of the state east of the 
bay is called the Eastern Shore. The part west of 
it is called the Western Shore. 

9. Annapolis is the capital of Maryland. Bal¬ 
timore is the largest city. 


Richmond is the capital and largest city of Virginia. 
Norfolk is the principal seaport. Wheeling is the largest 
city of the western part of the state. 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

11. The District of Columbia is between Maryland 
and Virginia. It contains the city of Washington, 
the capital of the United States. 


Only two cities of the United States (New York and 
Philadelphia) have a greater population than Baltimore. 
The engraving at the head of this chapter is a view of 
the Maryland Institute, one of the finest buildings in the 
city. 


Washington contains a great number of splendid pub¬ 
lic buildings. Among these are the Capitol, the Presi¬ 
dent’s House, and the Smithsonian Institution (a view of 
which is given on page 32). The President of the United 
States lives in Washington. 


Name the capital of Pennsylvania.—Which is the largest 
city ?—What can you say of the population of Philadelphia? 
—What can you say of Independence Hall?—For what is 
Pittsburg noted?—Name other flourishing places in Penn¬ 
sylvania.—What can you say of the size of Delaware ?— 
Name the capital.—The largest city.—Into what two sections 
is Maryland divided ?—What part of the state is called the 
Eastern Shore?—What part is called the Western Shore?— 


Name the capital of Maryland.—Which is the largest city? 
—What cities of the United States contain a greater popula¬ 
tion than Baltimore?—What distinguished man was born 
in Virginia?—What can you say about this man?—What 
Southern State is larger than Virginia?—Name the capital 
of Virginia.—Which is the principal seaport ?—Which is the 
largest city in the western part of Virginia?—Where is the 
District of Columbia?—What city does it contain ? 


















































































































































THE MIDDLE STATES.-MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA. 


43 


QUESTIONS 

ON THE MAP OF 

THE MIDDLE STATES, MARYLAND AND 
VIRGINIA. 


Position and General Surface. 

Give the number and names of the Middle States.—To 
what section of the Union do Maryland and Virginia belong? 
—What British Province is north of New York?—What 
three New England States are east of New York ? 

Name the four states, south of New York, which border on 
the Atlantic Ocean.—What state is south of Virginia?—What 
two states are west of Virginia?—Which of the Middle States 
is between Maryland and New York? 

In which of the Middle States are the Adirondack and 
Catskill Mountains ?—What range of mountains extend across 
the eastern part of Pennsylvania? 

What two ranges of mountains extend across Virginia?— 
Between what two states are the Cumberland Mountains? 


Islands and Capes. 

What island is south-east of New York ? 

What two capes at the entrance of Delaware Bay?—Which 
of these forms the most southern point of land of New Jersey ? 
—What two capes at the entrance of Chesapeake Bay ? 

Sounds and Bays. 

What sound is north of Long Island ?—What bay between 
New Jersey and Delaware?—Where is Chesapeake Bay? 

Lakes and Rivers. 

Between what two states is Lake Champlain?—North of 
what state is Lake Ontario?—Where is Lake Erie?—What 
two states of this section border on Lake Erie? 

What river connects Lake Erie and Lake Ontario?—What 
river flows from Lake Ontario ?—Name the two rivers which 
flow into Lake Ontario?—Where is the Hudson River?— 
Name its principal branch. 

What river flows into Delaware Bay?—What two states 
aro separated by this river ?—What river flows across Penn¬ 
sylvania into the Chesapeake Bay. 

What two states aro separated in part by the Potomac 
River?—In what direction and into what does this river 
flow ?—What is the principal branch of the Potomac River? 


What river of Virginia flows into Chesapeake Bay ?—What 
two rivers of Virginia flow through North Carolina into Al¬ 
bemarle Sound?—What river separates Virginia from Ohio? 
—What two states aro partly separated by the Big Sandy 
River ? 

In what part of Virginia is the Great Kanawha River?— 
In what direction and into what river does it flow ?—What 
two rivers unite to form the Ohio ? 

Cities and Towns. 

What is the capital of New York?—On what river is it?— 
Name the capital of New Jersey, and tell the river on which 
it is situated.—What is the capital of Pennsylvania?—On 
what river is it? 

Of what state is Dover the capital?—What is the capital 
of Virginia?—Where is it?—Name the capital of Maryland. 
—On what body of water is it situated ?—What is the capital 
of tho United States ?—Where is it? 

On what river and in what state are each of the following 
cities :—Troy ?—Camden?—Alexandria?—Wheeling?—Alle¬ 
ghany City ?—Charleston ?—Lynchburg ?—Parkersburg ?— 
Ogdeusburg ?—Wilmington ? 

Of what state is Norfolk the principal seaport?—Where 
is Norfolk situated?—In what state is Utica?—Williams¬ 
port ?—Petersburg ?—Wilkesbarre ?—Syracuse ?—Reading ? 

On what island is Brooklyn ?—In what state is Buffalo ?— 
On what lake ?—In what state and on what lake is Erie?— 
On what lake is Oswego ?—At the junction of what two rivers 
is Pittsburg? 

At the mouth of what river is the great city of New York ? 
—Where is Philadelphia?—Where is Baltimore? 

Miscellaneous. 

On what lake and river would you sail to go from Oswego 
to Montreal ?—On what river, and in what direction would 
you sail to go from Troy to New York? 

Name the river, bay, and ocean on which you would sail 
to go from Washington to New York. 

Name the river, two bays, and ocean on which you would 
sail to go from Philadelphia to Baltimore. 

On what lake would you sail to go from Buffalo to Erie? 
—On what river to go from Pittsburg to Wheeling? 

In what direction, and how far from New York is Buffalo ? 
—What is the distance, in a direct line, of Albany from 
Washington ? 

To which of the three cities of Baltimore, Philadelphia, or 
New York is Pittsburg nearest? 

What two mountain chains would you cross to go in a 
direct line from Richmond to Parkersburg ? 


Spell the following words :—New York, New Jersey, De¬ 
laware, Maryland, Virginia, Albany, Trenton, Harrisburg, 
Dover, Annapolis, Richmond, Columbia, Washington.—What 
is the meaning of Pennsylvania?—Philadelphia? 



















A CREVASSE. 


CHAPTER V. 

SEVEN SOUTHERN STATES.—ARKANSAS 
AND TENNESSEE. 

1. The section described in this chapter occu¬ 
pies the south-eastern part of the United States. 

2. It comprises seven of the Southern States, and 
Arkansas and Tennessee. Arkansas and Tennessee 
are Western States. 

The seven Southern States are— 

1. North Carolina, 5. Alabama, 

2. South Carolina, G. Mississippi, 

3. Georgia, 7. Louisiana. 

4. Florida, 

This section is the warmest part of the United States. 
It is principally an agricultural region, and great quan- 
tities of cotton and rice are produced here. 

Questions.— In what part of the United States is the sec¬ 
tion described in this chapter?—How many of the Southern 
States are included in this section ?—Give their names.—To 
what division of the Union do Arkansas and Tennessee be¬ 
long?—Name two of the important productions of this sec¬ 
tion.—Can you name anything which is made from cotton ? 


The sugar cane, from which sugar is made, is culti¬ 
vated in Louisiana and Florida. The labor in this sec¬ 
tion is mostly performed by negro slaves. 

The waters of the various rivers which flow through this 
section, sometimes rise higher than the land. Banks of 
earth, called levees, are thrown up along the sides of the 
Mississippi River, in Louisiana, to prevent that great 
stream fro'm overflowing the country. 

The river, however, sometimes breaks through the 
levee, doing immense damage. Such a break is called 
a crevasse. The engraving is a representation of one. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

•3. North Carolina is south of Virginia. Mount 
Mitchell, the highest peak of the Alleghany Moun¬ 
tains, is in North Carolina. 

Raleigh is the capital of the state. Wilmington is 
the largest city. 


—In what two states of this section is sugar made ?—From 
what is sugar made in these states?—Do you know of any¬ 
thing else from which sugar is made in any part of the world? 
—By whom is the labor chiefly performed in this section of 
the United States?—What is a levee 1 —What is a crevasse ? 
—Where is North Carolina ?—Name the capital of the state 

( 44 ) 























































SEVEN SOUTHERN STATES.-ARIvANSAS AND TENNESSEE. 45 


Fayetteville, on the Cape Fear River, and Salisbury 
and Charlotte, in the western part of the state, are im¬ 
portant towns of North Carolina. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

4. South Carolina is south of North Carolina. 
More rice is produced in South Carolina than in 
all the other United States. 

Columbia is the capital. Charleston is the largest 
city and principal seaport. 

GEORGIA. 

5. Georgia is separated from South Carolina by 
the Savannah River. Cotton and rice are the prin¬ 
cipal productions of Georgia. 

Milledgville is the capital of Georgia. Savannah is 
the largest city. Augusta, Macon, and Columbus are 
flourishing places. 

FLORIDA. 

6. Florida is the most southern of the United 
States. It is a great peninsula situated between 
the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. 

Tallahassee is the capital of Florida. Key West 
City, on an island belonging to Florida, is the most 
southern town in the United States. St. Augustine is 
the oldest town in the Union. 

ALABAMA. 

7. Alabama is west of Georgia. Its most im¬ 
portant production is cotton. 

Montgomery is the capital of Alabama. Mobile, on 
Mobile Bay, is the largest city and principal seaport. 

Huntsville is a very beautiful town north of the Ten¬ 
nessee River. Tuscaloosa contains the State University 
of Alabama. 


The largest city.—What other important towns in North 
Carolina?—Where is South Carolina?—What can you say of 
the production of rice in South Carolina?—Name the capital. 
—The largest city.—What river separates Georgia from South 
Carolina?—What are the principal productions of Georgia? 
—Name the capital.—The largest city.—The other important 
towns.—Where is Florida?—Name the capital.—What can 
you say of Key West City?—Of St. Augustine?—Where is 
Alabama?—What is the most important production of Ala¬ 
bama ?—Name the capital. —The largest city.—Where is Mis¬ 
sissippi ?—What is the principal production of Mississippi? 


MISSISSIPPI. 

8. Mississippi is cast of the Mississippi River. 
The principal production of this state is cotton. 

Jackson is the capital of Mississippi. Natchez is the 
largest city in the state. Vicksburg, Aberdeen, and 
Holly Springs are flourishing places. 

LOUISIANA. 

9. Louisiana was first settled by the French, and 
the French language is still very generally spoken 
there. More sugar is produced in Louisiana than 
in all the other United States. 

Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana. New Orleans 
is the largest city in the state, and the most important 
city of the Southern States. 

ARKANSAS. 

10. Arkansas is west of the Mississippi River. 
The hot springs in this state are a great natural 
curiosity. 

Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas, and the 
largest town in the state. 

TENNESSEE. 

11. Tennessee is divided into three sections. 
That part of it east of the Cumberland Mountains 
is called East Tennessee. The part between the 
Cumberland Mountains and the Tennessee River 
is called Middle Tennessee; and the section west of 
the Tennessee River is called West Tennessee. 

Nashville is the capital of the state and the principal 
city of Middle Tennessee. Memphis is the principal 
city of West Tennessee. Knoxville is the largest town 
of East Tennessee. 


—Name the capital.—Which is the largest city in the state? 
—Name the other flourishing places.—By whom was Louisi¬ 
ana first settled?—What language is still very generally 
spoken there ?—What can 3 r ou say of the production of sugar 
in Louisiana?—Name the capital of the state.—The most 
important city.—Where is Arkansas?—What great natural 
curiosity in Arkansas ?—Name the capital of the state.— 
What part of Tennessee is East Tennessee ?—Middle Ten¬ 
nessee ?—West Tennessee?—In which division of Tennessee 
is the capital of the state ?—In which division is Memphis ? 
—In what part of Tennessee is Knoxville? 
















































































SEVEN SOUTHERN ST ATE S.—ARKANSAS AND TENNESSEE. 


47 


QUESTIONS 

ON THE MAP OP 

SEVEN OF THE SOUTHERN STATES, 
ARKANSAS, AND TENNESSEE. 


Remark. —There arc ten Southern States. Two of 
them, Maryland and Virginia, have already been de¬ 
scribed in Chapter IV., page 40. Texas will be described 
in Chapter VII., page 52. The remaining seven are 
represented on the map upon the opposite page. 


Position and General Surface. 

What is the number of the Southern States?—Give the 
number and names of those represented upon the map on the 
opposite page.—To what section of the Union do Arkansas 
and Tennessee belong ? 

Name the four states of this section, beginning with the 
most northerly, which border on the Atlantic Ocean.—Name 
the four states of this section, beginning with the most east¬ 
erly, which border on the Gulf of Mexico. 

What state of this section borders both on the Atlantic 
Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico ?—What state is west of North 
Carolina?—West of what river is Arkansas? 

What range of mountains extends across the western part 
of North Carolina?—What range of mountains forms the 
boundary line between North Carolina and Tennessee? 

Across what state do the Cumberland Mountains extend ? 
—In which of the Southern States is Mount Mitchell?—What 
can you say about the height of this mountain ? 

Islands, Peninsulas, and Capes. 

What Islands are east of the southern part of Florida?— 
To what country do these islands belong? — Answer. Great 
Britain. —What large island south of Florida?—To what 
country does this island belong ? — Answer. Spain . 

What name is given to the islands which extend in a south¬ 
west direction from the southern extremity of Florida ? 

What state of this section forms a peninsula?—In what 
part of the United States is this peninsula? 

What two capes are on the coast of North Carolina?— 
Where is Cape Cannaveral ?—Cape Sable ? 

Oceans, Gulfs, Bays, and Sounds. 

What ocean is east of this section ?—What gulf is south¬ 
west of it?—Where is Tampa Bay?—Apalachee Bay ?—Mobile 
Bay?—What two sounds are east of North Carolina? 

Lakes and Rivers. 

In what state is Lake Okeechobee ?—In what part of the 
state is this lake ? 


What river of North Carolina flows into Albemarle Sound? 
—What river flows into Pamlico Sound?—What are the two 
principal rivers of South Carolina. 

What river separates Georgia and South Carolina?—Where 
is the Altamaha River?—In what general direction, and into 
what ocean do these rivers of North Carolina, South Carolina, 
and Georgia flow ? 

In what state is the River St. John’s?—What two states 
are partly separated by the Chattahoochee River ?—What 
rivers of Alabama flow into Mobile Bay?—Where is the 
Pearl River? 

What great river flows through Louisiana into the Gulf of 
Mexico ?—What river forms a part of the boundary between 
Louisiana and Texas ? 

What great river flows across Louisiana into the Missis¬ 
sippi River?—What great river flows across Arkansas into 
the Mississippi?—What two rivers of Tennessee flow into 
the Ohio River? 

Cities and Towns. 

Name the capitals of each of the following states :—North 
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida. 

Name the capitals of each of the following states, and tell 
the river on which each is situated:—Alabama, Mississippi, 
Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee. 

In what state is Charleston?—St. Augustine?—Tuscaloosa? 
—Holly Springs?—Macon ?—Huntsville?—Batesville ? 

In what state and on what river is the city of New Orleans? 
—On what bay is Mobile?—In what state?—In what part of 
Tennessee and on what river is Memphis ? 

On what river, and in what state are Natchez and Vicks¬ 
burg?—On what river, and in what state are Savannah and 
Augusta?—On what river are the two cities of Fayetteville 
and Wilmington ?—In what state are these cities ? 

Where is Pensacola ?—Shreveport ?—Columbus ?—Aber¬ 
deen ?—Charlotte?—Salisbury?—In what part of Tennessee 
is Knoxville ? 

Miscellaneous. 

On what ocean, and in what direction would you sail to 
go from Charleston to Mantanzas ?—Between what group of 
islands and peninsula would you pass ? 

Across what gulf and up what river would you sail to go 
from Havana to New Orleans ?—Where is Havana? 

Name the three rivers on which you would sail to go from 
Nashville to New Orleans.—The two you would ascend to 
go from New Orleans to Little Rock. 

What is the scale of this map ?—In what direction and 
about how far is Richmond from Charleston ? 

In what direction from Charleston is Natchez ?—About 
what distance apart are these places ? 


Spell the following words :—North Carolina, South Caro¬ 
lina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, 
Arkansas, Tennessee, Raleigh, Columbia, Milledgeville, Tal¬ 
lahassee, Montgomery, Jackson, Little Rock, Nashville.— 
What is the meaning of Baton Rouge?—Mississippi ? 












43 


NINE OF TIIE WESTERN STATES. 





VIEW ON LAKE PEPIN, A PART OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 


CHAPTER VI. 

NINE OF TIIE WESTERN STATES. 

1. The section described in this chapter contains 
nine of the Western States. The greater part of 
it is included in the Valley of the Mississippi. Six 
of these states border on the great lakes. 

The names of these states are as follows : — 


The mines of this region are very im- 
poi'tant. Coal is abundant in many of 
the states. Iron is found in great quan¬ 
tities in Missouri and Michigan. The 
copper mines of Michigan are the richest 
in the world ; and lead is obtained from 
Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri. 

The commerce of this section is also 
very extensive. It is principally carried 
on upon the great rivers and lakes in 
which this region abounds. 

The northern parts of this section of the 
United States contain many scenes of 
great natural beauty. 

The engraving on this page is a view 
on the Mississippi River between Minne¬ 
sota and Wisconsin. The engraving on 
the opposite page is a view of the Falls 
of Pigeon River. This river is a part 
of the Grand Portage on the northern 
boundary of Minnesota. 

OHIO. 

2. Ohio is the most populous of the Western 
States. It ranks in population as the third state 
in the Union. 

More wheat, corn, wool, and wine are produced in 
Ohio than in any other of the United States. 

Columbus is the capital. Cincinnati is the largest 
city in the state, and the most important city of the 
Western States. Cleveland is the largest city in the 
northern part of Ohio. 


1. Ohio, 

2. Kentucky, 

3. Indiana, 

4. Illinois, 

5. Michigan, 


6. Wisconsin, 

7. Missouri, 

8. Iowa, 

9. Minnesota. 


KENTUCKY. 

3. Kentucky is noted for its great caves. The 
Mammoth Cave in this state is said to have been 
explored a distance of ten miles. 


i 





I 




This section is chiefly an agricultural region, and 
great quantities of wheat, corn, and other grains are 
raised here. 


Frankfort is the capital of Kentucky. Louisville is 
the largest city in the state. Lexington is a beautiful 
and important city. 


Questions. —What number of the Western States are de¬ 
scribed in this chapter?—Give their names.—In what valley 
is the greater part of this section included ?—How many of 
these states border on the great lakes ?—Mention some of the 
most important agricultural productions of this region.— 
What mineral is abundant in many of the states ?— -In what 
two states is iron found in great quantities ?—In what state 


are there rich mines of copper?—From what four states is 
lead obtained?—What can you say of the commerce of this 
section ?—What can you say of the population of Ohio ?—Of 
its productions?—Name the capital.—The largest city.—The 
largest city in the northern part of the state.—For what is 
Kentucky noted?—What is the capital of Kentucky?—W r hich 
is the largest city in the state ? 






































NINE OF TIIE WESTERN STATES. 


49 


INDIANA. 

4. Indiana is the smallest, but is one of the most 
fertile of the Western States. 

Indianapolis is the capital. New Albany, Lafayette, 
and Fort Wayne are flourishing cities. 

ILLINOIS. 

5. Illinois is noted for the great extent of its 
prairies. These are great plains covered with 
grass. 

Springfield is the capital. Chicago is the largest 
city of the state. More grain is exported, or sent away 
from Chicago than from any other city in the world. 

Quincy, Peoria, and Alton are important cities. Ga¬ 
lena is situated in the region of the lead mines. 

MICHIGAN. 

6. Michigan consists of two peninsulas, a north¬ 
ern and a southern one. The mines of copper and 
iron in this state are in the northern peninsula. 

Lansing is the capital of Michigan. Detroit is the 
largest city in the state. 

WISCONSIN. 

7. Wisconsin is north of Illinois and west of 
Lake Michigan. The lead mines of Wisconsin are 
in the south-western part of the state. 

Madison is the capital of Wisconsin. Milwaukee is 
the largest city. 

MISSOURI. 

8. Missouri is the most populous state west of 
the Mississippi River. 

Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri. St. Louis 
is the largest city in the state. It is the second city in 
population of the Western States. 


What can you say of Indiana?—Name the capital.—Name 
the other flourishing cities.—For what is Illinois noted ?— 
What are prairies ?—Name the capital of Illinois.—The 
largest city.—The other important cities.—Where is Galena 
situated?—Of what does Michigan consist?—In which pe¬ 
ninsula are the mines?—Name the capital of Michigan.— 


IOWA. 

9. Iowa is west of the Mississippi River and 
north of Missouri. 

Des Moines is the capital. Dubuque, Davenport, and 
Burlington are the largest cities in the state. 



FALLS OF THE PIGEON RIVER. 


MINNESOTA. 

10. Minnesota was admitted into the Union as 
a state in 1858. It is the largest of the Western 
States, except California. 

St. Paul, on the Mississippi River, is the capital, and 
largest city of Minnesota. 


The largest city.—Where is Wisconsin ?—In what part of the 
state are the lead mines ?—What can you say of Missouri ?— 
Name the capital.—The largest city.—Where is Iowa?— 
Name the capital.—The largest cities.—When was Minne¬ 
sota admitted into the Union as a state?—What can you say 1 
of its size ?—Name the capital. 


J 















































































































NINE OF THE WESTERN STATES. 


51 


Q U E S TIONS 

ON THE MAP OF 

NINE OF THE WESTERN STATES. 


Remark.— There are thirteen Western States. Two of 
them, Arkansas and Tennessee, have been described in 
Chapter V., page 44. California and Oregon will be de¬ 
scribed in Chapter VII., page 52. The remaining nine 
are represented on the map upon the opposite page. 


Position and General Surface. 

What division of North America is north and north-east 
of this section?—What two states are east?—What two states 
are south?—What three territories are west?—What pro¬ 
vince of British America is east of Michigan ? 

How many of these states border on the great lakes ?— 
Name them, beginning with the most eastern one.—Which 
state is south of the Ohio River? 

Which two states are west of the Mississippi River ?—What 
state is north of Illinois ?—What state is south ?—What two 
states are west? 

What state of this section consists of two peninsulas ?— 
Between what two great lakes is the northern of these 
peninsulas?—Between what two lakes is the southern pe¬ 
ninsula ? 

Which is the most northern state of this section ?—Which 
is the most eastern ?—Which is the most southern ? 

What range of mountains forms the south-eastern bound¬ 
ary of Kentucky ? 

Lakes and Rivers. 

What great lake is north of the upper peninsula of Michi¬ 
gan ?—What three lakes are east of the lower peninsula of 
Michigan ?—What lake is west of the lower peninsula of 
Michigan ? 

Of what lake is Green Bay a part?—Of what lake is 
Georgian Bay a part?—Is Georgian Bay in the United 
States or Canada?—By what river and rapids is Lake Su¬ 
perior connected with Lake Huron ? 

By what strait is Lake Michigan connected with Lake 
Huron?—What river of Michigan flows into Lake Michigan? 
—What river of Ohio flows into Lake Erie ? 

What river separates Kentucky from Ohio, Indiana, and 
Illinois ?—What two rivers flow into the Ohio River from the 
north ?—What four from the south ?—Which of the four 
forms a part of the boundary between Ohio and Virginia?— 
What branch has the Wabash River in Indiana ? 

In what state does the Mississippi River take its rise?— 
What lake forms its source? — Answer. Lake Itasca .— Name 


the five rivers of this section which flow into the Mississippi 
from the east, beginning with the most northerly. 

Name the four rivers which flow into the Mississippi from 
the west. — What river forms a part of the western boundary 
of Missouri and Iowa?—What branch has this river in Mis¬ 
souri ? 

What river forms a part of the western boundary of Min¬ 
nesota?—In what direction, and into what lake does it flow? 
—Where is the Lake of the Woods?—Where is the chain of 
lakes and rivers which is called the Grand Portage ? 

Cities and Towns. 

Name the capital of Ohio, and state the river on which it 
is situated.—What is the capital of Kentucky?—On what 
river is it?—Name the capital of Indiana.—Of Illinois.— 
Michigan.—Wisconsin. 

What is the capital of Missouri?—On what river is it?— 
On what river is the capital of Iowa?—Name the capital of 
Minnesota, and tell the river on which it is situated. 

Which is the largest city of this section ?—In what state, 
and on what river is it situated?—In what state and on what 
river is St. Louis ?—On what lake, and in what state is 
Chicago ? 

What is the largest city of the northern part of Ohio?—On 
what lake is it?—What other city of Ohio is on Lake Erie ? 

In what state, and on what river are each of the following 
places :—New Albany ?—Quincy ?—La Fayette ?—Peoria?— 
Burlington ?—Fort Wayne ?—Alton ?—Dubuque ?—Saut de 
St. Marie?—Davenport? 

In what state is Lexington ?—In what part of Illinois is 
Galena?—On what lake and in what state is Racine?—In 
what part of Missouri is the town of Springfield ? 

Name the largest city of Kentucky, and tell the river on 
which it is situated.—Name the largest city of Wisconsin, 
and tell where it is situated.—What city of Michigan is 
situated upon the river which connects Lake St. Clair and 
Lake Erie ? 

Miscellaneous. 

On what four lakes would you sail to go by water from 
Chicago to Cleveland ?—Through what strait would you 

pass? 

On what two rivers would you sail to go from Cincinnati 
to St. Louis?—Which of these rivers would you descend?— 
Which would you ascend ? 

What is the scale of this map ?—About what is the dis¬ 
tance, in a direct line, of St. Paul from Chicago? 

About how far is the capital of Missouri from the capital 
of Indiana ? 

Take a steamboat at Louisville for Nashville: on what two 
rivers will you sail? 


Spell the following names :—Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, 
Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Columbus, Frankfort, 
Indianapolis, Springfield, Lansing, Madison, Saint Paul, Des 
Moines, Jefferson City.—What is the meaning of Missouri? 
—Ohio ?—Mississippi ? 



















Questions —In what part of the United States is the 
section described in this chapter?—What states does this 
section compriso?—To what division of the Union does Texas 
belong ?—To what division of the Union do California and 
Oregon belong?—Give the number and names of the terri¬ 


tories.—What animals roam over the plains of this region ?_ 

What can you say of the size of Texas ?—What are the most 
important productions of Texas?—Name the capital and 
largest cities.—What can you say of the size of California ? 
—For what is California noted ?—Name the capital 

(52) 


INDIANS HUNTING BUFFALOES. 


CHAPTER VII. 

TEXAS, CALIFORNIA, OREGON, AND THE 
TERRITORIES. 

1. The section of the United States described 
in this chapter, embraces the greater part of the 

j country west of the Mississippi River. 

2. It comprises the states of Texas, California and 
Oregon, and seven territories. Texas is a southern 
state. California and Oregon are western states. 

The seven territories are as follows:— 

1. Dakota, 5. New Mexico, 

2. Nebraska, 6. Utah, 

8. Kansas, 7. Washington. 

4. Indian, 

The territories are thinly settled, and contain but few 
"white inhabitants. Most of the Indians of the United 
States are in this section. 


Great herds of buffaloes roam over the plains of this 
part of the United States. The Indians kill great num¬ 
bers of them. The engraving is a representation of 
Indians hunting buffaloes. 

TEXAS. 

3. Texas is the largest of the United States. 
Cotton and sugar are the most important produc¬ 
tions. 

Austin is the capital of Texas. Galveston and Hous¬ 
ton are the largest cities in the state. 

CALIFORNIA. 

4. California is the largest state in the Union 
except Texas. It is noted for its gold mines, from 
which immense quantities of gold have been obtained. 

Sacramento City is the capital. San Francisco in 
this state is the most important city upon the Pacific 
coast of America. 


' 

l 

I 




































53 


TEXAS, CALIFORNIA, OREGON, AND THE TERRITORIES. 



ENTRANCE TO THE BAT OF SAN FRANCISCO. 


San Francisco is situated on San Francisco Bay. The 
entrance to this bay from the Pacific Ocean is through a 
narrow strait, called “The Golden Gate.” The engrav¬ 
ing is a view of the entrance to the bay. 

OREGON. 

5. Oregon is north of California. It was ad¬ 
mitted into the Union as a state in 1859. 

The section of Oregon west of the Cascade Mountains 
is a very fertile region. Great quantities of wheat are 
produced there, and the trees grow to an immense size. 

Salem is the capital of Oregon. 

KANSAS, NEBRASKA, AND DAKOTA. 

6. Kansas and Nebraska are newly organized 
territories, which are rapidly increasing in popula¬ 
tion. 

Gold has recently been discovered near Pike’s Peak in 
the western part of Kansas, and in the south-western 
part of Nebraska. 


What can you say about San Francisco ?—Where is Oregon ? 
—Name the capital of Oregon.—What can you say of Kansas 
and Nebraska?—In what part of these territories has gold 
recently been found ?—Name the capital of Kansas.—The 
largest city.—The capital of Nebraska.—Where is Dakota ? 
—Which is the most important place in Indian Territory ?— 
Where is New Mexico ?—What part of New Mexico is called 


Lecompton is the capital of Kansas. Leavenworth is 
the largest city. Omaha City is the capital of Nebraska, j 

7. Dakota is west of Minnesota. It has no 
organized government. 

INDIAN TERRITORY. 

8. This territory belongs exclusively to Indians. 

It has been granted by the United States to various 
Indian tribes who have moved there from east of 
the Mississippi River. 

Tahlequah, a town belonging to the Cherokee Indians, 
is the most important place in the territory. 

NEW MEXICO AND UTAH. 

9. New Mexico is situated between Texas and 
California. There are many Mexicans and Indians 
in this territory. 

The southern part of New Mexico is called Arizona. 
There are many silver mines in Arizona, and gold is 
also found there. 

Santa Fe is the capital and largest town of New 
Mexico. 

10. Utah contains Great Salt Lake. This is the 
largest salt water lake in North America. 

The white inhabitants of Utah are mostly a religious 
sect called Mormons. 

Fillmore City is the capital of Utah. Great Salt 
Lake City is the largest city in the territory. 

WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 

11. Washington is the only territory which bor¬ 
ders on the Pacific Ocean. Nearly all of the white 
inhabitants live in the section west of the Cascade 
Mountains. 

Olympia is the capital of Washington. 


Arizona?—What valuable minerals are found in Arizona?— 
Name the capital of New Mexico.—What lake is in Utah ?— 
What religious sect inhabit Utah ?—Name the capital of the 
territory.—The largest city.—On what ocean does Washing¬ 
ton Territory border ?—In what part of the territory do 
most of the white inhabitants live?—Name the capital of 
Washington. 

































































































TEXAS, CALIFORNIA, OREGON, AND THE WESTERN TERRITORIES. 55 


QUESTIONS 

ON THE MAP OF 

TEXAS, CALIFORNIA, OREGON, AND THE 
WESTERN TERRITORIES. 


Position and General Surface. 

To what section of the Union does Texas belong ?—On 
what gulf does Texas border?—To what section of the Union 
do California and Oregon belong?—On what ocean do these 
two states border?—Give the number and names of the terri¬ 
tories. 

What division of North America is north of the section 
represented by the map?—Name the five states which are on 
the east.—The division of North America on the south.— 
What ocean is on the west? 

What territory is west of Minnesota?—Where is Nebraska? 
—What territory is south of Nebraska?—What territory is 
between Kansas and Texas ? 

What territory between Texas and California?—What ter¬ 
ritory is north of New Mexico?—Which of the territories 
borders on the Pacific Ocean ? 

What range of mountains forms the western boundary of 
Nebraska and Kansas ?—What name is given to this range 
in New Mexico and Mexico ? 

What mountain range extends across Utah, west of the 
Green River?—What mountains form a part of the eastern 
boundary of California?—In what state are the Blue Moun¬ 
tains?— Where are the Cascade Mountains? 

Islands and Capes. 

In what ocean are the Santa Barbara Islands ?—Where is 
Vancouver Island ?—To what country does Vancouver Island 
belong?— Answer. Great Britain .— Where is Cape Mendo¬ 
cino ? 

Oceans, Gulfs, Bays, and Straits. 

West of what two states and territory of this section is 
the Pacific Ocean?—South-east of what state is the Gulf of 
Mexico ? 

Where is the Gulf of California?—Where is San Francisco 
Bay ?—Between what territory and island is the Strait of 
Fuca ? 

Lakes and Rivers. 

What great river flows across Nebraska, forming a part of 
its eastern boundary ?—What three branches has this river 
in Nebraska ?—What river flows across Kansas into the 
Missouri River ? 

What river forms a part of the boundary between Dakota 
and Minnesota ?—Into what lake does this river flow ?—Is 
this lake in British America or in the United States ? 

What river flows across Indian Territory into Arkansas ? 
—What branch of this river flows across the northern part 
of Texas ? 


What river forms a part of the boundary between Indian 
Territory and Texas?—Between Texas and Louisiana?— 
What river forms the boundary line between Texas and 
Mexico ? 

Name the four rivers of Texas between the Sabine River 
and the Rio Grande.—Into what gulf do they flow?—Where 
is the Pecos River ? 

What river of the United States flows into the Gulf of 
California?—What are the three principal tributaries of this 
river ? 

Name the two principal rivers of California?—Into what 
bay do they flow ?—What two rivers form a part of the 
boundary between Oregon and Washington?—Where is 
Clarke’s River?—Where is the Willamette River? 

Cities and Towns. 

Name the capital of Texas, and tell the river upon which 
it is situated.—What, and where is the capital of California ? 
—On what river is the capital of Nebraska ? 

Name the capital of Kansas.—On what river is it ?—What 
is the capital of New Mexico?—Of Utah?—Of Washington 
Territory ?—In what part of the state of which it is the capi¬ 
tal, and on what river is Salem ? 

Which is the great commercial city upon the Pacific coast? 
—In what state is this city ?—Upon what bay is it situated ? 

In what territory and on what lake is Great Salt Lake 
City ?—Where is Galveston ?—Houston ?—In what territory 
is Tahlequah ?—Leavenworth ? 

Miscellaneous. 

On what gulf would you sail to go from Galveston to the 
mouth of the Rio Grande ? 

On what ocean and through what strait would a vessel sail 
to go from San Francisco to the mouth of Fraser’s River ? 

On what two rivers would you sail to go from Omaha City 
to Lecompton ? 

What is’the scale of this map ?—About how far is it, in a 
straight line, from the mouth of the Kansas River to San 
Francisco ? 

About how far is Pike’s Peak from Leavenworth ?—About 
what distance, in a direct line, is Sacramento City from 
Pike’s Peak ? 


What division of British America is north of Washington 
Territory ?—Along what river has gold recently been dis¬ 
covered in this division ? 

Is the gold region of California east or west of the Sierra 
Nevada?—Near what mountain peak has gold recently been 
discovered east of the Rocky Mountains ?—In what territory 
is this mountain peak ? 


Spell the following words:—Texas, California, Dakota, 
Kansas, New Mexico, Utah, Oregon, Omaha City, Lecomp¬ 
ton, Tahlequah, Austin, Santa Fe, Fillmore City, Salem, 
Olympia, Sacramento City.—What is the meaning of Ne¬ 
braska?—Colorado?—Sierra Nevada?—Sierra Madre? 










5G THE BRITISH PROVINCES OF 



VIEW OF QUEBEC FROM THE CITADEL. 


CHAPTER VIII. 


THE BRITISH PROVINCES OF NORTH AMERICA. 

1. The British Provinces of North America 
occupy the south-eastern part of British America. 

2. There are five of these provinces, namely: 
Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfound¬ 
land, and Prince Edward’s Island. 

3. Canada is the largest and by far the most 
important of the provinces. It consists of two divi¬ 
sions—Canada East or Lower Canada, and Canada 
West or Upper Canada. 

Canada was first settled by the French. Their de¬ 
scendants are numerous in Canada East and still speak 
the French language. 

4. Toronto, on Lake Ontario, is now (1858) the 
capital of Canada. Montreal is the largest city. 

Questions. —What part of British America do tho pro¬ 
vinces occupy?—Name the British Provinces.—Which of 
these is largest?—What are the two divisions of Canada?— 
In which of them is the French language spoken ?—What is 
the capital of Canada ?—The largest city ?—What can you 
say of Montreal?— Of Quebec?—Where is New Brunswick? 
—Name the capital.—The principal city.—Where is Nova 


NORTH AMERICA. 


Quebec is a strong fortress, and the 
only walled town in America. Ottawa 
is the proposed capital. 

5. New Brunswick is south of Ca¬ 
nada East. Frederickton is the capital. 
St. John is the principal city. 

6. Nova Scotia is a peninsula south¬ 
east of New Brunswick. Halifax is 
the capital and largest city. Cape 
Breton Island is a part of this pro¬ 
vince. 

7. Newfoundland is a large island 
east of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. St. 
John’s is the capital. 

8. Prince Edward’s Island is in the 
Gulf of St. Lawrence north of Nova 
Scotia^ 

Miquelon and St. Pierre Islands, south 
of Newfoundland, are small islands, inhabited by a few 
fishermen. They belong to France. Anticosti Island 
belongs to Canada East. 



COD FISHING OFF NEWFOUNDLAND. 


The ocean east and south-east of Newfoundland is not 
very deep, and great numbers of cod and other fish are 
caught in these shallow waters. Many of the inhabit¬ 
ants of the provinces are engaged in these fisheries. 


Scotia?—What island is a part of this province ?—Name tho 
capital of Nova Scotia.—Where is Newfoundland ?—Prince 
Edward’s Island?—What is the capital of Newfoundland ?— 
To what country do Miquelon and St. Pierre Islands belong? 
—Where are these islands?—To what province does Anti¬ 
costi Island belong ?—What can you say of the fisheries near 
Newfoundland ? 



























MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, AND THE WEST INDIES. 57 


CHAPTER IX. 

MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, AND 
THE WEST INDIES. 

1. Mexico and Central America 
are the southern divisions of the main 
land of North America. The West 
Indies are a group of islands between 
North and South America. 

MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 

2. The interior of these countries 
consists of mountains and high lands. 
The region along the coast is low, and 
generally very unhealthy. 



LADIES OF UAVANA RIDING IN A VOLANTE. 


For this reason most of the large cities and towns are 
upon the high lands in the interior. The city of Mexico 
is on a table land, 7000 feet above the sea. 

The inhabitants of Mexico and Central America are 
whites, negroes, Indians, and the mixed races. The 
Indians and mixed races form by far the most numerous 
part of the population. 

3. The peninsulas of Yucatan and Old California 
are parts of Mexico but very little known. Balize 
is a part of Yucatan which belongs to Great Britain. 

The city of Mexico is the capital of Mexico. New 
Guatimala is the largest city of Central America. 

THE WEST INDIES. 

4. The West India Islands form three divisions : 

1. The Greater Antilles, 

2. The Lesser Antilles, and 

3. The Bahama Islands. 

1. The Greater Antilles comprise Cuba, Hayti, Ja¬ 
maica, and Porto Rico. Cuba and Porto Rico belong to 
Spain: Jamaica to Great Britain. Hayti is independent. 

Questions. —Where are Mexico and Central America?— 
The West Indies?—Why are the large cities and towns of 
Mexico and Central America in the interior?—Who inhabit 
these countries?—What part of the peninsula of Yucatan be¬ 
longs to Great Britain?—Name the capital of Mexico.—The 
largest city of Central America.—What are the three divisions 


Cura is the largest island. It is about the size of the 
state of Kentucky. Havana, on this island, is a very 
beautiful, and very important commercial city. 

2. The Lesser Antilles include the chain of islands 
which extends from Porto Rico to South America. Most 
of them belong to Great Britain. 

3. The Bahama Islands, north-east of Cuba, belong to 
Great Britain. Guanahani, one of this group, was the 
first land of the New World discovered by Columbus. 

5. About one-sixth of the population of the West 
Indies are whites. Nearly all of the remainder are 

negroes. 

The negroes were once all slaves; but now, except in 
Cuba and Porto Rico, they are free. A considerable 
number of Chinese, called Coolies, have recently been 
brought to these islands to work upon the plantations. 

The climate of the West India Islands is very warm, 
and the land is very productive. We obtain from there, 
coffee, many tropical fruits, sugar, molasses, and many 
other articles. 

The Bermuda Islands, east of the United States, be¬ 
long to Great Britain. _ 


of the West Indies ?—What islands form the Greater Antilles ? 
—Which of these is largest?—What can you say of Havana? 
—To what country do the Bahama Islands and most of the 
Lesser Antilles belong?—What can you say of Guanahani?— 
Who inhabit the West Indies?—Mention some articles we ob¬ 
tain from there.—To whom do the Bermuda Islands belong ? 









































































































BRITISH PROVINCES.—MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, ETC. 


59 


QUESTIONS 

ON THE 

MAP OF TIIE BRITISH PROVINCES. 


Of what division of North America are the British Pro¬ 
vinces a part?—In what part of British America are they ?— 
What ocean on the east and south-east of them ?—What divi¬ 
sion of North America on the south ? 

Give the number and names of the British Provinces?— 
Which is the largest?—What are the two divisions of the 
largest province ?—Two of the provinces are islands : which 
are they ?—One is a peninsula: give its name.—What island 
is a part of this province ? 

What province lies between Nova Scotia and Canada?— 
Which is the most northern province?—The most eastern ?— 
The most southern and western ? 


Where is Anticosti Island ?—To what province does it 
belong ?—What two small islands are south of Newfound¬ 
land?—To what country do they belong?—Where is Cape 
Race?—Cape Sable? 

What gulf west of Newfoundland?—What hay between 
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick?—Where is Trinity Bay? 

Name the four lakes between Canada and the United States. 
—What great river flows from Lake Ontario ?—Into what 
gulf does this river flow ? 

What two rivers flow into the St. Lawrence ?—What river 
i flows through New Brunswick into the Bay of Fundy ? 


Name the capital of Canada, and tell the lake on which it 
is situated.—Name the capital of New Brunswick, and tell 
the river on which it is situated.—What is the capital of 
Nova Scotia?—Of Newfoundland ? 

In what province and on what river are each of the follow¬ 
ing cities:—Quebec ?—Ottawa ?—Montreal ? 

In what province, and at the mouth of what river is St. 
John?—Is Toronto in Canada East or Canada West?—In 
what division of Canada is Quebec?—Ottawa? 


Name the river, gulf, and ocean on which you would sail 
to go from Montreal to New York.—On what two rivers 
would you sail to go from Ottawa to Quebec ? 

On what bay and ocean would you sail to go from St. 
John to Boston?—On what lake, river, gulf, and ocean would 
you sail to go from Toronto to St. John's ?—Near what island 
are great numbers of cod fish caught ? 


Spell the following words :—Canada, Erie, Ontario, Otta¬ 
wa, Saguenay, Anticosti, Bellisle, Montreal, Halifax, Quebec, 
Toronto, Huron.—What is the meaning of Nova Scotia? 


QUESTIONS 

ON THE 

MAP OF MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, 
AND THE WEST INDIES. 


Mexico and Central America. 

In what part of North America are Mexico and Central 
America ?—What country is north of Mexico ?—What gulf 
is east?—What ocean on the south-west? 

What sea on the north-east of Central America?—What 
ocean on the south-west ?—By what isthmus is Central Ame¬ 
rica connected with South America ? 

In what part of Mexico is the Peninsula of Old California? 
—Of Yucatan?—Where is the Balize?—To what country 
does the Balize belong ?—What cape at the southern ex¬ 
tremity of the Peninsula of California? 

What chain of mountains extends through Mexico and 
Central America?—Where is the Gulf of California?—What 
river from the United States flows into this gulf?—Where is 
Lake Nicaragua?—What river partly separates Mexico from 
the United States?—Into what does this river flow? 

What is the capital of Mexico ?—In what part of Mexico 
is Vera Cruz ?—Where is New Guatimala? 

Tiie West Indies. 

’What are the three divisions of the West Indies?—Name 
the four islands which constitute the Greater Antilles.— 
Which is the largest of the four?—Which is the most eastern 
of them ? 

What island between Cuba and Porto Rico ?—What divi¬ 
sion of the West Indies is south-east of Porto R,ico ?—To 
what country do most of the islands of this division belong? 

In what direction from Cuba are the Bahama Islands ?— 
Guanahani, an island of this group was first discovered by 
Columbus: can any scholar tell the year in which this dis¬ 
covery was made ? 

On what island is Havana?—To what country does this 
island belong?—What language, then, do you think is most 
generally spoken in Havana?—Where is Kingston? 


What sea would you cross to sail from Kingston to South 
America?—On what gulf would you sail to go from Havana 
to Vera Cruz ? 

In what ocean are the Bermuda Islands ?—In what direc¬ 
tion would you sail to go to them from Charleston ?—What 
gulf would you cross to sail from New Orleans to Yucatan? 


Spell the following words:—Mexico, Havana, Hayti, Ja¬ 
maica, Balize, Yucatan, Bahama, Bermuda, Guatimala.— 
What is the meaning of Porto Rico?—Vera Cruz ? 























A TRAIN OF LLAMAS AMONG THE ANDES. 


CHAPTER X. 

SOUTH AMERICA. 

1. South America is the southern part of 
America. It is a great peninsula connected with 
North America by the Isthmus of Panama. 

2. The principal mountain chain of South Ame¬ 
rica is the Andes, which extends along the coast 
of the Pacific Ocean from the Isthmus of Panama 
to the southern extremity of the peninsula. 

3. Nearly all of South America, east of the An¬ 
des, is a great plain. It includes within its limits 

1. The Llanos of the Orinoco river, 

2. The Selvas of the Amazon river, and 

3. The Pampas of the Rio do la Plata. 

Qu estions.— What part of America is South America?— 
By what is it connected with North America ?—Which is the 
principal mountain chain ?—Along the coast of what ocean 
does this chain extend?—Describe the surface of South Ame¬ 
rica east of the Andes ?—What are included within the limits 



A WRECK OFF CAPE HORN. 


1. The Llanos, or “plains” of the Orinoco, are vast 
tracts of level land through which that great river 
flows. In the rainy season the Llanos are covered with 
a rich growth of grass; but in the dry season they be¬ 
come a desert waste. 

2. The Selvas, or “ forest plains” of the Amazon, ex¬ 
tend for a great distance from the banks of that mighty 
river. The trees and climbing plants of these forest 
plains are so closely intertwined that it is almost impos¬ 
sible for the traveller to force his way across them. 

3. The Pampas, or “treeless plains” of the La Plata, 
are on both sides of that great river. They are covered 
with a heavy growth of grass and thistles, and afford 
pasturage for numerous herds of cattle and droves of 
horses. 

4. South America is, for the most part, a very 
hot country. The mountain regions and the south¬ 
ern part of the peninsula are the only cold sec¬ 
tions. 


of this plain ?—Where are the Llanos ?—How do they differ 
in character in the rainy and dry seasons ?—Where are the 
Selvas ?—What can you say of them ?—Where are the Pam¬ 
pas ?—What can you say of them ?—Describe the climate of 
South America.—Which are the only cold sections ? 
_ (60) 






























SOUTH AMERICA. 


61 


5. The inhabitants are whites, negroes, Indians, 
and mixed races. 

The whites are mostly descendants of the Spanish 
and Portuguese who first settled the country. The 
negroes are most numerous in Brazil, where they are 
nearly all slaves. 

Some of the Indian tribes are fierce and savage, but 
others are partially civilized. There is a tribe in Vene¬ 
zuela called “ The Dirt Eaters of the Orinoco.” They 
live along the banks of that great river, and partly 
subsist on balls of clay. 



ANIMALS OF SOUTH AMERICA. 


G. The tapir and the jaguar are the largest South 
American animals. The condor is the largest bird. 
The Selvas of the Amazon contain many monkeys, 
and alligators and serpents are numerous in the hot 
regions. 

Earthquakes are frequent in the mountain sections of 
South America, and most of the houses in the cities are 
low and strongly built that they may not be easily 
shaken down. 


Who inhabit South America?—Of what people are the whites 
mostly the descendants ?—Where are the negroes most nume¬ 
rous ?—What can you say about the Indians ?—About a tribe 
in Venezuela?—Which are the largest South American ani¬ 
mals ?—Which is the largest bird ?—Why are the houses in 
South American cities low and strongly built?—How many 


7. South America contains ten republics, the 
empire of Brazil, the colouies of British, Dutch, 
and French Guiana, and the unsettled country of 
Patagonia. 

8. The republics are Venezuela, New Granada, 
Equador, Peru, Bolivia, Chili, The Argentine Con¬ 
federation, Buenos Ayres, Paraguay, and Uruguay. 

BRAZIL AND GUIANA. 

9. The Empire of Brazil is the largest and most 
important division of South America. 

No country in the world surpasses Brazil in the value 
of her natural productions. We obtain from there 
coffee, sugar, rosewood, India-rubber, and many other 
valuable articles. Most of the diamonds now in use 
come from Brazil. 



BRAZILIAN SOLDIERS CONVEYING DIAMONDS TO RIO JANEIRO. 


The diamond district is some distance from Rio Ja¬ 
neiro, and the Brazilian government furnish a guard to 
convey these precious stones to the city. 


republics does South America contain?—Name them.—What 
empire in South America?—What European countries have 
colonies there ?—What country is unsettled ?—What can you 
say of Brazil?—Mention some of the articles we obtain from 
Brazil ?—What precious stones are found there ?—To what 
city of Brazil are these precious stones brought? 
























62 


SOUTH AMERICA. 


Rio Janeiro, the capital of Brazil, is the largest city 
in South America, and the third city in size upon the 
Western Continent. 

10. Guiana is a very hot country, which belongs 
to the British, Dutch, and French. 

Georgetown is the capital of English, Paramaribo of 
Dutch, and Cayenne of French Guiana. 

VENEZUELA, NEW GRANADA, AND EQUADOR. 

11. These three states occupy the north-western 
part of South America. Caraccas is the capital 
of Venezuela, Bogota of New Granada, Quito of 
Equador. 

Aspinwall and Panama are in New Granada, on oppo¬ 
site sides of the Isthmus of Panama. These two towns 
are connected by a railroad, and they are important 
points in the line of travel from New York to California. 

Passengers go by steamer from New Yprk to Aspin¬ 
wall. There, they take the railroad to Panama, from 
which place they take another steamer to San Fran¬ 
cisco. 

PERU, BOLIVIA, AND CHILI. 

12. These three countries all border on the Pa¬ 
cific Ocean. Peru and Bolivia have long been 
famous for their silver mines. 

These mines are in the mountain regions, and the 
silver is transported to the towns upon the coast on the 
backs of mules and llamas. The engraving at the head 
of this chapter is a representation of a train of llamas 
among the Andes. 

13. Chili is wholly on the western side of the 
Andes. Mount Aconcagua, a volcano, the highest 
in the world, and the highest mountain in America, 
is in Chili. 

Lima is the capital of Peru, Sucre of Bolivia, and 
Santiago of Chili. Potosi, in Bolivia, is on a high moun- 


What is the capital of Brazil ?—What can you say of this 
city?—To what countries does Guiana belong?—Name the 
capital of each of the colonies of Guiana.—What three states 
occupy the north-western part of South America?—Name the 
capital of each?—Name the two towns of New Granada on 
opposite sides of the Isthmus of Panama.—Describe the 


tain, from which immense quantities of silver have been 
taken. Valparaiso, in Chili, is a very important com¬ 
mercial city. 



BRIDGE ACROSS THE APURIMAC RIVER, PERU. 


Travelling in the mountain regions of these countries 
is very perilous. The engraving is a view of a bridge 
made of ropes of bark, across a mountain stream in Peru. 

THE ARGENTINE CONFEDERATION, BUENOS AYRES, 
PARAGUAY, AND URUGUAY. 

14. The Argentine Confederation consists 
of a number of states united under one government. 
Buenos Ayres, formerly a member of this Confede¬ 
ration, is now (1859) independent. 

route from New York to San Francisco by way of these two 
towns.—For what have Peru and Bolivia been long famous? 
—In what parts of these countries are the mines?—Where is 
Chili ?—What can you say of Mount Aconcagua ?—Name the 
capital of Peru.—Bolivia.—Chili.—What can you say of Poto¬ 
si ?—Of Valparaiso ?—Of travelling in the mountain regions ? 


























S 0 U T II A M E R I C A. ' 63 



Parana is the capital of the 
Argentine Confederation. The 
city of Buenos Ayres is the 
capital of Buenos Ayres. 

15. Paraguay is en¬ 
tirely in the interior. As¬ 
sumption is the capital. 

The most noted production 
of this country is mate, or 
Paraguay tea, a drink made 
from which is a favourite be¬ 
verage in South America. 

16. Uruguay lies be¬ 
tween La Plata and Brazil. 

Montevideo is the capital. 

Immense herds of cattle 
and horses graze on the pam¬ 
pas or plains of this section of South America. These 
are caught by a skilful use of the lasso, a representation 
of which is given in the engraving. 

PATAGONIA AND THE SOUTH AMERICAN ISLANDS. 


17. Patagonia is a cold, barren country, in¬ 
habited only by native tribes of Indians. The 



NATIVES OF TERRA DEL FUEGO. 


Name the capital of the Argentine Confederation.—Of Bue¬ 
nos Ayres. — Where is Paraguay? — Name the capital.— 
What is a noted production of Paraguay?—Where is Uru¬ 
guay ?—Name the capital.—How are cattle caught on the 
pampas?—Who inhabit Patagonia?—Describe the Patago¬ 
nians.—Where are the Falkland Islands ?—To what country 


LASSOING CATTLE ON THE PAMPAS. 

Patagonians are taller and stouter than mankind 
generally. 

18. The Falkland Islands, east of Patagonia, 
belong to Great Britain. There is a British settle¬ 
ment on one of them. 

19. The Islands of Terra del Fuego are 
south of Patagonia. Their only inhabitants are a 
few miserable savages. Cape Horn is the southern 
extremity of one of these islands. 

The ocean south of Cape Horn is a noted storm region, 
and many vessels have been wrecked in sailing round it. 
The engraving at the head of the chapter is a represen¬ 
tation of one of these wrecks. 

20. The Islands of Juan Fernandez and of 
Cliiloe belong to Chili. 

Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch sailor, lived on one of 
the Juan Fernandez Islands, alone, for many years. His 
life and adventures on this lonely spot are supposed to 
have given rise to the story of Robinson Crusoe. 

Joannes Island, at the mouth of the Amazon river, is 
a part of the empire of Brazil. 


do they belong?—Where are the Islands of Terra del Fuego? 
—Who inhabit them ?—What can you say of the ocean south 
of Cape Horn?—To what country do Juan Fernandez and 
Chiloe Islands belong?—What is supposed to have given rise 
to the story of Robinson Crusoe?—Of what empire is Joannes 
Island a part ? 




















































































SOUTH A 


QUESTIONS v 

ON THE 

MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. 


Boundaries and General Surface. 

In what hemisphere is South America?—Of what continent 
is the main-land a part?—By what isthmus is it connected 
with North America ? . 

By what sea is South America bounded on the north ?— 
By what ocean on the cast?—By what ocean on the west? 

What chain of mountains extends along the Pacific coast 
of South America?—In what country of South America is 
Mount Aconcagua?—Where are the Brazilian Andes? 

Where are the Llanos of South America ?—The Selvas ?— 
The Pampas ?—Are these level or hilly sections ? 

Islands. 

What group of islands is north of South America?—Two 
of these islands, Hayti and Jamaica, are represented on this 
map: which is independent?—Which belongs to Great Bri¬ 
tain. 

What island at the mouth of the Amazon River ?—Where 
are the Falkland Islands ?—The Islands of Terra del Fuego? 
—What islands in the Pacific Ocean west of Chili?—Where 
is the Island of Chiloe ? 

Cares and Isthmuses. 

Which is the most northern cape of South America?— 
The most eastern ?—The most southern ?—The most western ? 

Where is the Isthmus of Panama?—What bodies of land 
are connected by it?—What sea and ocean does it separate ? 

Oceans, Seas, Bays, and Straits. 

Where is the Atlantic Ocean ?—Where is the Pacific Ocean? 

Where is the Caribbean Sea ? 

On the coast of what division of South America is the Bay 
of All Saints ? 

What two oceans are connected by the Strait of Magellan? 

_What division of South America and islands are separated 

by this strait ? 

Lakes and Rivers. 

In which division of South America is Lake Maracaybo ? 
—Where is Lake Titicaca ? 

Through what country of South America, and into what 
ocean does the Orinoco River flow ?—In what direction and 
across what country does the river Amazon flow ?—Into what 
ocean does it empty ?—Near what imaginary line? 

Name the most important branch of the Amazon flowing 
into it from the north.—The four which flow into it from the 
south. 

5 


M EllIC A. G5 


What river of Brazil flows into the Atlantic Ocean near 
the mouth of the Amazon ?—Name its principal branch.— 
What other river of Brazil flows into the Atlantic ? 

What river forms part of the boundary between Paraguay 
and Brazil?—Between Paraguay and La Plata?—Where is 
the Rio de la Plata?—Into what ocean does it flow? 

What river forms a part of the boundary between Pata¬ 
gonia and La Plata?—In what country of South America is 
there another river of the same name ? 

Political Divisions. 

What two divisions of South America border on the Ca¬ 
ribbean Sea?—Name the five divisions which border on the 
Atlantic Ocean, beginning with the most northerly.—Name 
the six bordering on the Pacific, beginning with the most 
southerly. 

What two divisions of South America are entirely in the 
interior?—Between what two rivers does Paraguay lie? 

Name the country of South America which borders both 
on the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean.—The one which 
borders both on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 

Which is the largest division of South America?—Which 
is the smallest ? Answer. Uruguay. 

Cities and Towns. 

Name the capital of New Granada.—Venezuela.—Brazil.— 
Paraguay.—Uruguay.—Chili.—Bolivia.—Peru.—Equador. 
—The Argentine Confederation.—Buenos Ayres. 

Of what division of Guiana is Georgetown the capital ?— 
Paramaribo ?—Cayenne ? 

In what country of South America is Maranham ? — Potosi ? 
—Bahia ?—Cuzco ?—Pernambuco ?—Para ?—Valparaiso ? 

In what division of South America are the towns of Aspin- 
wall and Panama?—On what isthmus are these towns? 

Miscellaneous. 

In what, direction from Rio Janeiro is the diamond district 
of Brazil ?—What mountains would you cross to go from the 
diamond district to Rio Janeiro? 

Name the river and oceans on which you would sail to go 
from Buenos Ayres to Valparaiso.—Around what cape would 
you sail ? 

The Falkland Islands belong to Great Britain : name the 
ocean on which a British vessel would sail to go there from 
Georgetown. 

Name the ocean on which you would sail to go from Pa¬ 
nama to the Islands of Juan Fernandez. 

Name the sea which you would cross, and state the direc¬ 
tion in which you would sail to go from Aspinwall to Ja¬ 
maica ? 

What mountains would you cross to go in a direct line 
from Buenos Ayres to Santiago ? 

Spell the following words :—Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil, 
Uruguay, Paraguay, Chili, Bolivia, Peru, Equador, Amazon, 
Valparaiso, Buenos Ayres, Terra del Fuego.—Give the mean¬ 
ing of the last three words. 


















LAPLANDER DRAWN BY A REINDEER. 



CHAMOIS HUNTERS RETURNING FROM THE CHASE. 


CHAPTER XI. 

EUROPE. 

1. Europe is the smallest of the grand divi¬ 
sions. It is about one-fourth larger than the 
United States, and contains about ten times as 
many inhabitants. 

2. The principal mountain ranges of Europe are 
the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Balkan, Caucasus, 
Carpathian, Dofrafield, and Ural Mountains. 

3. The Pyrenees, Alps, and Balkan Mountains 
form nearly a continuous chain, extending across 
Europe from west to east. 

4. Nearly all of Europe, north of this chain, is 
a level country. The great plain of Russia ex¬ 
tends from the Black Sea to the Arctic Ocean. 


Questions. —How does Europe compare in size and popu¬ 
lation with the United States?—What are the principal 
mountain ranges?—Which of these form a nearly continuous 
chain ?—Is the country north of this chain generally level 
or mountainous ?—State the extent of the great plain of 
Russia.—What are some of the productions of the northern 


Great quantities of wheat, rye, and other grains are 
raised in this part of Europe. 

5. The portion of Europe south of this mountain 
chain consists of several peninsulas, which are 
generally hilly or mountainous. 

This is a much warmer section than the northern part 
of Europe, and figs, oranges, olives (from which sweet 
oil is made), grapes and other delicious fruits are grown 
here in great abundance. 

6. Europe comprises fifty-five different states. 
Four of them are empires,and fifteen are kingdoms. 
Four of the smaller states are republics. 

Many of the countries of Europe are very small; some 
of them are not as large as a single county of the state 
in which you live. 

Great Britain, France, Russia, Austria, and Prussia 
are the most important countries of Europe. These are 
called the five Great Powers. 


part of Europe?—Describe the portion of Europe south of 
this mountain chain.—Name some of the productions.— 
What is the number of the different states of Europe ?—How 
many of them are empires ?—Kingdoms ?—Republics ?— 
What can you say of the size of European countries ?— 
Which are the five Great Powers? 

(66) 










































EUROPE. 


G7 


GREAT BRITAIN. 

7. The British Isles are in the Atlantic Ocean, 
west of the main land of Europe. 

The principal of them are Great Britain and Ireland. 
The island of Great Britain comprises England, Scotland, 
and Wales. 

8. The British Isles, and the foreign posses¬ 
sions of the British in various parts of the world, 
form the British Empire. It is the most powerful 
and wealthy empire upon the globe. It is usually 
called Great Britain. 

London is the capital of the British Empire, and the 
most wealthy and populous city in the world. 

Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. 
Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. 



A WINTER SCENE IN HOLLAND. 


DENMARK, HOLLAND, AND BELGIUM. 

9. These are low, flat countries, all of which 
border on the North Sea. 

Much of the land in Holland is lower than the sea, 

Where are the British Isles?—Which are the principal of 
them?—What three countries does the island of Great Bri¬ 
tain comprise?—What forms the British Empire ?—What can 
you say of it?—By what name is it usually called?—What 
can you say of London ?—Dublin ?—Edinburgh ?—What 
three flat countries border on the North Sea?—Name the 


and banks of earth, called dykes, are built along the 
coast, to prevent the water from overflowing the country. 

Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands belong to 
Denmark. Copenhagen is the capital of the kingdom. 

The people of Holland are called the Dutch; of Bel¬ 
gium, Belgians. The Hague is the capital of Holland. 
Brussels is the capital of Belgium. 

Canals are numerous in Holland. In winter, when 
they are frozen, the people, men and women, go about 
from place to place on skates. 

SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 

10. Sweden and Norway occupy the peninsula 
between the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Bothnia, and 
the Atlantic Ocean. 

Norway is a mountainous country. The greater part 
of Sweden is level. Each country has a separate govern¬ 
ment, but they are both united under one king. Stock¬ 
holm is the capital of the kingdom. 

RUSSIA. 

11. The Russian Empire is the largest in the 
world. It embraces nearly one-sixth of the entire 
land surface of the earth. 

The larger part of it is, however, a very cold region, 
and thinly settled. Russia in Europe contains nine- 
tenths of the population of the whole empire. 

St. Petersburg is the capital of Russia, and one of 
the finest cities in Europe. Moscow was the former 
capital. Odessa is the principal sea port on the Black 
Sea. 

12. Lapland is north of the Arctic Circle, 
between the White Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. 
It belongs to Sweden and Norway, and Russia. 

The principal wealth of the few natives of this cold 
country consists of numerous herds of reindeer. The 
engi’aving at the head of this chapter is a representation 
of a Laplander drawn by a reindeer. 

capital of each of them?—For what purpose are dykes built 
in Holland ?—What can you say about the canals in Hol¬ 
land?—Where are Sweden and Norway?—What can you 
tell about these countries ?—What can you say of the size of 
the Russian Empire?—Name the capital.—Where is Lap- 
land ?—What is the principal wealth of the natives ? 


























68 


EUROPE. 



FRANCE. 

18. France is one of the richest and most 
powerful empires in the world. 

The French people are noted for their gayety and 
politeness. They have a great love for military glory. 
Frenchmen make excellent soldiers. 

Great quantities of wine are made in France and sent 
to other parts of the world. We obtain from there, silk 
goods, jewelry, and gloves. The French make sugar 
from beet roots. 

Paris is the capital of France. It is the most beauti¬ 
ful city in the world. Bordeaux and Marseilles are the 
most important commercial cities. 

GERMANY, PRUSSIA, AND AUSTRIA. 

14. These countries comprise a large part of 
central Europe. 

15. Germany embraces a part of Austria and 
Prussia, and all of thirty-six other states. 


Each of the states of Germany has a separate govern¬ 
ment, but they are united for mutual safety and defence. 

16. Prussia consists of two detached sections. 
The western section is the smallest, and is situated 
on both sides of the river Rhine. The eastern 
section borders on the Baltic Sea. 

17. The empire of Austria is, next to that of 
Russia, the largest in Europe. 

The Germans are an industrious and well educated 
people. In Prussia and some other of the German states 
every child is obliged by law r to go to school. 

Hamburg is the chief commercial city of Germany. 
Berlin is the capital of Prussia. Vienna of Austria. 

SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 

18. Spain and Portugal occupy the peninsula 
south of the Pyrenees Mountains. Both these 
countries are mountainous. 


What can you say of France?—Of the French?—What do 
we obtain there?—From what do the French make sugar?— 
Name the capital of France.—The most important commer¬ 
cial cities.—What three countries occupy a large part of 
Central Europe ?—Of how many divisions does Germany con¬ 


sist?—For what purpose are these states united?—Of what 
does Prussia consist?—What can you say of the Empire of 
Austria?—Name the chief commercial city of Germany.— 
The capital of Prussia,—Of Austria.—Where are Spain and 
Portugal ?—What do we obtain from these countries ? 








































E U R 0 P E. 


69 


They were once among the most powerful kingdoms 
in Europe, but are now much reduced in importance. 

We obtain from these countries wine, grapes, and 
raisins. 

Madrid is the capital of Spain; Lisbon, of Portugal. 
Gibraltar, on the strait of the same name, in the southern 
part of Spain, is the strongest fortress in the world. It 
belongs to Great Britain. 



A VIEW IN VENICE. 


ITALY AND SWITZERLAND. 

19. Italy is one of the most celebrated countries 

in the world. In ancient times it was the central 
part of the Roman Empire, which ruled all the 
known world. ✓ 

20. Italy comprises nine different states. Three 
of these are kingdoms. A portion of Italy belongs 
to Austria. 

What is the capital of Spain ?—Of Portugal ?—Where is Gib¬ 
raltar ?—To what country does Gibraltar belong ?—What can 
you say of Italy?—Which is the chief city ?—What can you 
say of Naples?— Genoa?—Venice?—What can you say of 
Switzerland ?—Name the capital.—What is a favorite amuse¬ 
ment of the Swiss mountaineers ?—What does the Turkish 


Home is the chief city. It is the residence of the head 
of the Roman Catholic Church, which is the most nu¬ 
merous of all Christian denominations. 

Naples is the most populous city in Italy. Genoa 
was the birthplace of Christopher Columbus. 

Venice is built on eighty-two small islands. Canals 
take the place of streets in Venice, and a beautiful kind 
of boat called gondolas are used instead of carriages. 

21. Switzerland is a republic. It is a moun¬ 
tainous country, and is famous for the graudeur 
and beauty of its natural scenery. Berue is the 
capital. 

Chamois hunting is a very perilous but favorite 
amusement of the Swiss mountaineers. The chamois 
is a species of wild goat which inhabits the mountain 
regions. The engraving at the head of this chapter is a 
picture of two Swiss hunters returning from the chase. 

TURKEY AND GREECE. 

22. The Turkish Empire includes Turkey in 
Europe and Turkey in Asia. The sovereign is 
called the Sultan or Grand Seignor. 

The Turks are Mohammedans. They are a grave and 
solemn people, very ignorant and very indolent. 

Their sacred book, the Koran, forbids them from eat¬ 
ing pork or drinking wine. 

Constantinople is the capital of the empire. 

23. Greece is a small peninsula south of Turkey. 
In ancient times it was in advance of all other 
countries in the -world in civilization and learning. 

The modern Greeks are a very handsome people, but 
they are indolent and insincere. 

Athens is the capital of Greece. It contains the ruins 
of many famous temples. 

24. The Ionian Republic comprises seven small 
islands west and south of Greece. It is under the 
protection of Great Britain. 

Empire comprise?—What is the sovereign called?—Describe 
the Turks.—What arc they forbidden to cat and drink ?— 
Name the capital of the Empire?—Where is Greece ?—What 
can you say of the modern Greeks?—Name the capital.— 
Under whose protection is the Ionian Republic ?—What 
docs this republic comprise ? 






































































EUROPE. 71 


QUESTIONS 

OX THE 

MAP OF EUllOPE. 


Boundaries and General Surface. 

In what hemisphere is Europe?—Of what continent is the 
main-land a part ?—What ocean bounds Europe on the north? 
—What grand division on the east?—What great sea on the 
south ?—What ocean on the west? 

W hat three mountain ranges form a nearly continuous 
chain, extending across Europe from west to east?—Which 
of these is between France and Spain ?—Between Switzer¬ 
land and Italy ?—Which one is in Turkey ? 

Where are the Carpathian Mountains ?—What are the two 
mountain ranges between Europe and Asia?—Where are the 
Dofrafield Mountains ? 

Where is the Great Plain of Russia?—What can you say 
of the extent of this plain ? 

Islands. 

What two groups of islands are north of Europe?—Where 
is the island of Candia?—Where are the Ionian Isles? 

Where is Sicily ?—What island is directly south of Sicily ? 
—Name the two islands west of Italy.—What group of isles 
between Sardinia and Spain ? 

Where are the Eritish Isles ?—What are the two principal 
islands of this group ?—Which is the most westerly of them ? 

Where are the Faroe Islands?—To what country do they 
belong ?—Near the coast of what country are the Loffoden 
Islands ?—Where is Jan Mayen Island ? 

Of what grand division are Greenland and Iceland a part? 
—To what country of Europe do they belong ? 

Peninsulas and Capes. 

What two countries in the south-west of Europe form a 
great peninsula?—What two in the north-west?—Where is 
the peninsula of the Crimea?—Of Greece?—Of Italy?—Of 
Denmark ? 

Where is North Cape?—Where is Cape Matapan ? 

Oceans and Seas. 

Where is the Arctic Ocean ?—Where is the Atlantic Ocean ? 

What sea in the north of Russia is a branch of the Arctic 
Ocean?—What sea south-east of Russia?—What two seas 
south ?—Where is the Sea of Marmora ? 

East of what peninsula is the Archipelago ?—Where is the 
; Adriatic Sea?—Between what two grand divisions is the 
Mediterranean Sea?—What sea between Great Britain and 
Denmark?—Between Sweden and Prussia? 


Bays, Gulfs, Straits, and Channels. 

What bay is north of Spain ?—What gulf between Sweden 
and Russia ?—AVhere is the Gulf of Finland ?—Of what sea 
are these two gulfs branches ?—What ocean and sea are con¬ 
nected by the Strait of Gibraltar?—By the English Channel? 

Lakes and Rivers. 

In what country of Europe is Lake Onega ?—Lake Ladoga ? 

What river of Russia flows into the White Sea?—What 
two into the Caspian Sea?—Which of these forms a part of 
the boundary between Europe and Asia?—What river flows 
into the Sea of Azov ?—What two rivers flow into the Black 
Sea ?—Of what river is the Pruth a tributary ? 

What river of France flows into the Mediterranean Sea?— 
What river of Spain flows through Portugal into the Atlantic 
Ocean ?—Where is the river Loire ?—Into what does it flow ? 

What river of France flows into the English Channel ?— 
What two rivers flow into the North Sea?—What three into 
the Baltic Sea? 

Political Divisions. 

Name the two divisions of Europe which border on the 
Arctic Ocean ?—The two which border on the Black Sea ?— 
What division is south of Turkey ? 

What three countries occupy the greater part of Central 
Europe ?—Between what seas is Italy ?—Where is Switzer¬ 
land?—What two countries border on the Bay of Biscay?— 
What country is west of Spain?—Name the countries which 
border on the North Sea? 

Cities and Towns. 

Name the capital of Great Britain ?—Of Sweden and Nor¬ 
way ?—Russia?—Turkey?—Greece ?—Austria?—Prussia ?— 
Switzerland ?—Denmark ?—Holland ?—Belgium ?—France ? 
—Spain ?—Portugal ? 

Of what country is Hamburg the chief commercial city?— 
In what country of Europe is Edinburgh ?—Dublin ?—Bor¬ 
deaux ?—Cadiz ?—Archangel ?—Astraeban ? 

Where is Rome ?—Genoa ?—Odessa ?—Barcelona ?—Ve¬ 
nice ?—Gibraltar ?—Moscow ?—Naples ? 

Miscellaneous. 

The Islands of Nova Zembla and Spitzbergen are considered 
to belong to Russia: on what sea and ocean would a Russian 
vessel sail to go to them from Archangel? 

The Island of Malta belongs to Great Britain : through 
what channel and strait, and on what ocean and sea would 
an English man-of-war sail to go from London to Malta? 

The Island of Corsica belongs to France: on what sea 
would a French vessel sail to go there from Marseilles ? 

The Balearic Isles belong to Spain : on what sea would a 
Spanish vessel sail to go there from Barcelona? 

Spell the following words Europe, Great Britain, Russia, 
Austria, Prussia, England, Germany, Bordeaux, Hamburg.— 
What is the meaning of Copenhagen?—Nova Zembla ? 









A TIGEE HUNT IN INDIA. 


CHAPTER XII. 

ASIA. 

1. Asia is the largest of the grand divisions. 
It is more than twice the size of North America, 
and contains about fifteen times as many inhabit¬ 
ants. 

2. The principal mountain ranges of Asia are 
the Hindoo Koosh, Himalaya, Kuen Lun, Thian 
Shan, and Altai Mountains. The Himalaya Moun¬ 
tains are the highest in the world. 

North of the Altai Mountains is the Great Plain of 
Siberia. It is, for the most part, a low marshy region, 
very cold, and thinly settled. 

Central Asia, between the Altai and Himalaya Moun¬ 
tains, is principally composed of highlands, mountains, 
and deserts. This is also a very cold section, and con¬ 
tains few inhabitants. 


Questions. —How does Asia compare in size and popula¬ 
tion with North America?—Which are the principal moun¬ 
tain ranges?—Where is the Great Plain of Siberia?—Describe 
j Central Asia between the Altai and Himalaya Mountains.— 



A SCENE IN A CHINESE RIVER. 


The fertile and thickly settled parts of Asia are the 
eastern sections and the peninsulas in the south. 

3. The principal divisions of Asia are Asiatic 
Turkey, Asiatic Russia, the Chinese Empire, Ja¬ 
pan, India, Turkestan, Afghanistan, Beloochistan, 
Persia, and Arabia. 

ASIATIC TURKEY. 

4. Asiatic Turkey is a part of the Turkish or 
Ottoman Empire. 

It is a very celebrated country. It contains the ruins 
of Babylon, Nineveh, Tyre, aud many other impoi*tant 
cities of ancient times. Smyrna is now the most import¬ 
ant city. We obtain from Smyrna figs and other fruits. 

Syria (one of the provinces of Asiatic Turkey), in¬ 
cludes Palestine or the Holy Land. Here occurred most 
of the interesting events recorded in the Bible. Here 
David and Solomon reigned, and here our Saviour was 
born? Jerusalem and Damascus are cities of Syria. 


Where are the thickly settled parts of Asia?—Nome the 
principal divisions ?—Of what empire is Asiatic Turkey a 
part?—What can you say of it?—What can you say of 
Smyrna?—What celebrated country is a part of Syria? 

(72) 




































ASIA. 


73 


ASIATIC RUSSIA. 

5. Asiatic Russia comprises more than a third 
part of Asia. The principal divisions are Siberia 
and Georgia. 

6. Siberia occupies the entire northern part of 
Asia. It is a very cold country. Tobolsk and 
Irkoutsk are the largest towns. 

7. Georgia is south of the Caucasus Mountains. 
The Georgians are noted for their personal beauty. 

CHINESE EMPIRE. 

8. The Chinese Empire contains a greater popu¬ 
lation than any other country in the world. 

The principal divisions are China, Chinese Tartary, 
and Thibet. 

9. China is the most important and thickly 
settled part of the empire. 

The Chinese are a very industrious people; but they 
are deceitful and immoral, and very jealous of foreigners. 
We obtain from China tea and silk goods. 

Pekin, said to contain two millions of inhabitants, is 
the capital of the empire. The foreign trade is mostly 
conducted at Canton. 

10. Chinese Tartary in the northern, and 
Thibet in the south-western part of the empire, 
are thinly settled cold regions. 

EMPIRE OF JAPAN. 

11. The Japanese Empire comprises the Japan 
Islands cast of Asia. 

The Japanese are even more jealous of foreigners 
than the Chinese ; and it is only very recently that ves- 
' ge i s from different foreign countries have been permitted 
to enter the ports of Japan. 

Jedo, said to be a very large city, is the capital of 
the empire. 


INDIA. 

12. India comprises the two great peninsulas 
south of the Chinese Empire. It is a very fertile 
region, and contains an immense population. 

13. The principal divisions are Ilindoostan and 
the Empires of Birmah, Siam, and Anam. 

Nearly all of Ilindoostan belongs to Great Britain. 
Birmali, Siam, and Anam occupy the eastern portion of 
India. Bice is the most important production, and forms 
the chief article of food for the inhabitants. 

Calcutta is the capital of Ilindoostan, and the most 
important city of India. Mandelay is the capital of 
BIrmnh : Bangkok, of Siam; Hue, of Anam. 

Hunting tigers, from the backs of elephants, is one of 
the wild sports of India. 

TURKESTAN, AFGHANISTAN, AND BEEOOCHISTAN. 

14. These countries are composed of several 
independent states, of which we know but little. 

Some of the inhabitants live in towns, but most of 
them wander about with their flocks and herds. 

Cabul is the capital of one of the states of Afghan¬ 
istan. 

PERSIA AND ARABIA. 

15. Persia was, in ancient times, the central 
part of a great and powerful kingdom. It is now 
much reduced in importance. Teheran is the capi¬ 
tal. Ispahan is the largest city. 

16. Arabia is, for the most part, a desert 
country. 

The greater part of the population are inhabitants of 
the desert. They are called Bedouins. They possess 
fine horses and own many camels. 

Mecca is the Holy City of the Mohammedans, and 
many pilgrims visit the city every year. Medina was 
the burial-place of Mohammed. 


What part of Asia does Asiatic Russia comprise?—Which 
are the principal divisions of Asiatic Russia ?—What can 
you say of the population of the Chinese Empire?—Name 
the three principal divisions.—W hich of these is the most 
important?—What can you say about the Chinese ?—What 
articles do we obtain from China ?—What docs the Japanese 


Empire comprise?—What can you say of the Japanese?— 
Where is India?—Name the principal divisions and their 
capitals.—What can you say of Turkestan, Afghanistan, and 
Beloochistan ?—Of Persia?—What sort of a country is Ara¬ 
bia?—What do you call the inhabitants of the desert?—What 
can you say of Mecca and Medina ? 









































































ASIA. 75 


QUESTIONS 

ON THE 

MAP OF ASIA. 


Boundaries and General Surface. 

In what hemisphere is nearly all of Asia?—Of what conti¬ 
nent is the main-land of Asia a part?—What ocean is north 
of Asia?—AVhat ocean is east?—What ocean is south?— 
What grand division is west? 

By what isthmus is Asia connected with Africa?—By 
what strait is it separated from North America?—What two 
ranges of mountains are between Asia and Europe ? 

Name the five principal mountain ranges of Asia?—Which 
of these separates Afghanistan and Turkestan ?—Which is 
north of India?—AVhat two ranges are in the Chinese Em¬ 
pire?—AVhich one is between Chinese Tartary and Siberia? 

AVhero is the Great Plain of Siberia?—AA r hat can you 
say about this plain ?—Describe the surface of Central Asia 
between the Altai and Himalaya Mountains?—AA r here are 
the fertile and thickly settled regions of Asia? 

Islands. 

AVhat group of islands is south of the Sea of Ochotsk ?— 
AA r hat large island is east of Chinese Tartary?—A\ r hat group 
of islands are east of the Sea of Japan?—AA T hich is the 
largest island of this group ? 

AVhat island and group of islands are east of China?—AA T hat 
island is east of Anam ?—A\ r here is the island of Ceylon ?— 
AA'hat island in the Mediterranean Sea south of Turkey? 

Peninsulas, Capes, and Isthmuses. 

Between what two seas is the Peninsula of Ivamtschatka? 
—Between what two seas i3 the Peninsula of Corea?—What 
peninsula is between China Sea and the Strait of Malacca? 

AVhere is the Peninsula of Ilindoostan ?—AVhat great pe¬ 
ninsula is between the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea? 

AVhich is the most northern cape of Asia?—AA r hich is the 
most eastern ?—The most southern ?—At the southern ex¬ 
tremity of what peninsula is Cape Comorin ? 

AVhat grand divisions are connected by the Isthmus of 
Suez?—AA r hat two seas are separated by this isthmus? 

Oceans, Seas, Gulfs, Bays, and Straits. 

AVhere is the Arctic Ocean ?—The Pacific Ocean ?—The 
Indian Ocean? 

AVhat sea is between Ivamtschatka and North America?— 
Between Ivamtschatka and Seghalien Island ?—Between the 
Japan Islands and Chinese Tartary ? 

AVhat sea is east of China?—AVhat sea is east of Anam?— 
AVhere is the Arabian Sea?—The Red Sea?—Name the three 
seas which form a part of the western boundary of Asia ?— 
AVhat inland sea east of the Caspian Sea ? 


AVhere is the Bay of Bengal ?—Between what two countries 
of Asia is the Persian Gulf? 

Through what strait would you sail to enter the Red Sea 
from the Indian Ocean ?—Through what strait would you 
pass to go from the Sea of Ivamstchatka into the Arctic 
Ocean ? 

Lakes and Rivers. 

In what division of Asia is Lake Baikal ?—What river 
flows from this lake?—Name the three rivers of Siberia 
which flow into the Arctic Ocean. 

AA r hat river forms a part of the boundary between the 
Chinese Empire and Siberia?—AA r hat two rivers of China 
flow into the Yellow Sea?—AVhat river flows through Anam 
into the China Sea? 

Name the three rivers which flow into the Bay of Bengal. 
—The one which flows into the Arabian Sea.—The one which 
flows into the Persian Gulf. 

AVhat river forms a part of the boundary between Europe 
and Asia?—AA'hat two rivers flow into the Sea of Aral? 

Political Divisions. 

AVhich is the most northern country of Asia?—AVhat great 
empire is south of Siberia?—AVhat division of Asia is south 
of the Chinese Empire ?—AVhere is the Japanese Empire? 

AVhere is Turkestan?—AA'hat two divisions are south of 
Turkestan ?—AA'hat country is south of Afghanistan?—AVhere 
is Turkey?—AA r here is Arabia?—AVhat country of Asia is 
south of the Caucasus Mountains ? 

Cities and Towns. 

Name the capital of the Chinese Empire.—Of the Japanese 
Empire.—Ilindoostan.—Birmah.—Anam.—Siam.—Persia. 

In what country of Asia are each of the following cities 
Tobolsk ?—Canton ?—Smyrna ?—Mecca ?—Bombay ?—Ispa¬ 
han ?—Muscat ?—Irkoutsk ? 

A\ T here is Jerusalem?—Damascus?—Nankin?—Madras? 
Medina?—Shanghai ?—Cabul ?—Delhi ? 

Miscellaneous. 

In what part of the Chinese Empire is Thibet?—Corea?— 
In what part of India is Anam ?—Siam ?—Ilindoostan ?—In 
what part of Turkey is Syria? 

Is the capital of the Russian Empire in Europe or Asia ? 
—A\ r here is the capital of the Turkish Empire ? 

AVhere is the Great Desert of Cobi?—In what part of the 
Chinese Empire is the Tea District? 

On what bay, ocean, and sea would you sail to go from 
Calcutta to Muscat?—On what waters would you sail to go 
from Bombay to the Island of Java?—Through what isthmus 
would you pass to go from Asia to Africa ? 

Of what empire is Georgia a part?—AA r hat mountains are 
north of Georgia? 


Spell the following words :—Siberia, China, Corea, India, 
Ilindoostan, Ava, Calcutta, Malacca, Birmah, Persia, Arabia, 
Shanghai.—AVhat is the meaning of Himalaya?—Yang tse 
Kiang?—Hoang Ho?—Lena? 











A CARAVAN RESTING ON THE GREAT DESERT. 


CHAPTER XIII. 

AFRICA. 

1. Africa is the largest peninsula in the world. 
It is connected with Asia by the Isthmus of Suez. 
It is the least known and hottest of the grand divi¬ 
sions. 

2. Wild animals are more numerous in Africa 
than in any other part of the globe. Among them 
are the lion, elephant, and rhinoceros. The camel 
is the most useful animal; the crocodile the most 
^formidable reptile. 

3. The large majority of the inhabitants are 
negroes, who, in general, are very ignorant and de¬ 
graded. There are many Moors and Arabs in 
Northern Africa, and a few Europeans in various 
parts of the peninsula. 

Questions. —What can you say of Africa?—What isthmus 
connects it with Asia?—What can you say of the animals 
and inhabitants of Africa?—What does Northern Africa com¬ 
prise?—Name the four states of Barbary.—Which of them 


4. Africa may be divided into Northern, East¬ 
ern, Southern, Western, and Central Africa. 

NORTHERN AFRICA. 

5. Northern Africa comprises Barbary, the 
Great Desert, and the Nile countries. 

Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli are the capitals 
of the four states of the same name, -which constitute 
Barbary. Algiers or Algeria belongs to France. 

Tiie Great Desert is a vast plain of sand, which 
cannot be crossed without the aid of camels. It con¬ 
tains a few fertile spots or oases. The most important 
are Fezzan and Air. 

The only inhabitants of the Great Desert are wander¬ 
ing tribes called Tibboos and Tuaricks. 

The Nile Countries are Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia. 

Egypt is celebrated for its pyramids. Cairo, the capi¬ 
tal, is the largest city in Africa. 

Nubia belongs to Egypt. Abyssinia, once a powerful 
kingdom, is now divided into small states. 

belongs to France?—Describe the Great Desert.—Name the 
most important oases.—Name the Nile countries.—For what 
is Egypt celebrated?—Name the capital.—To what country 
does Nubia belong?—What can you say of Abyssinia? 

( 76 ) 












































A F R I C A. 


77 


EASTERN AFRICA. 

G. The principal divisions of Eastern Africa are 
Zanguebar and Mozambique. 

Mozambique belongs to the Portuguese. The country 
north of Zanguebar is occupied by a people called the 
Somaulies. 

SOUTHERN AFRICA. 

7. The principal divisions of Southern Africa 
are Cape Colony, Natal, CafTraria, and the Zoolu, 
Bechuana, Namaqua, and Damara lands. 

These various lands are inhabited by the rude negro 
tribes whose names they bear. 

Cape Colony and Natal are 
British colonies. Cape Town, the 
capital of Cape Colony, is a city 
of considerable commercial im¬ 
portance. 

The Kalihari Desert in the 
Bechuana country is famous for 
watermelons; Dr. Livingston says 
that in some years vast tracts of 
this desert are literally covered 
with them. 

The engraving is a representa¬ 
tion of a native woman of this 
country carrying water in ostrich 
egg shells. 

WESTERN AFRICA. 

8. Western Africa contains Senegambia and 
Guinea. 

These divisions contain many native kingdoms, the 
inhabitants of which are nearly always at war with each 
other. 

The British, Dutch, French, and Portuguese have set¬ 
tlements on the coast. Sierra Leone is the principal 
British settlement. 

Name the divisions of Eastern Africa.—To whom does Mo¬ 
zambique belong?— Who inhabit the country north of Zan¬ 
guebar?—Name the principal divisions of Southern Africa. 
—To what country do Cape Colony and Natal belong? 
What can you tell of the Kalihari Desert?—What are the two 
divisions of Western Africa?—What can you say of them?— 
What European governments have settlements on the coast ? 


St Paul de Loando and Benguela are Portuguese 
towns from which many slaves are exported. Abeo- 
kuta is the largest negro town in the world. 

Liberia is a negro republic. It was founded by the 
American Colonization Society in 1821. Many of the 
inhabitants of Liberia are negroes who have gone there 
from the United States. The establishment of this re¬ 
public is regarded as a successful experiment for the 

civilization of Africa. Monrovia is the capital. 

« 

CENTRAL AFRICA. 

9. Central Africa comprises Soudan, Ethiopia, 
and the Region of the Zambeze. 

Soudan embraces many small states, of which little 
more is known than their names. The various tribes 
inhabiting this region seem to be almost constantly at 
war with each other. 

There are many cities and towns of considerable size 
in Soudan, as Sego, Timbuctoo, Sackatoo, and Kouka. 
The Fellatas appear to be the ruling race of Western 
Soudan. 

Ethiopia is a region which has never been explored, 
and which is entirely unknown to us. 

The Legion of the Zambeze is the country recently 
explored by Dr. Livingston. It is a low fertile plain, 
which, in the rainy season, is partially covered with 
water. 

AFRICAN ISLANDS. 

10. Madagascar is the largest African island. 
Bourbon and Mauritius Islands are east of Mada¬ 
gascar. The former belongs to France, the latter 
to England. 

11. St. Helena and Ascension Islands, in the 
Atlantic Ocean, belong to Great Britain. St. He¬ 
lena was the place of exile of Napoleon, who died 
there in 1821. 

12. The Azores, Madeira, and Cape Yerd Islands 
belong to Portugal. The Canary Islands to Spain. 

—What can you tell of St. Paul de Loando and Benguela?— 
Of Abeokuta?—Liberia ?—Sierra Leone?—What are the divi¬ 
sions of Central Africa?—AVhat can you say of Soudan ?—Of 
Ethiopia?—Of the Region of the Zambeze?—Which is the 
largest African island?—To what country does Bourbon Is¬ 
land belong?—Mauritius, Ascension, and St. Helena Islands? 
What African Islands belong to Portugal?—To Spain? 



































































































AFRICA. 79 


QUESTIONS 

ON THE 

MAP OF AFRICA. 


Boundaries and General Surface. 

In what hemisphere is Africa?—Of what continent is the 
main land of Africa a part?—By what isthmus is it connected 
with the larger portion of the continent? 

By what great sea is Africa bounded on the north?—By 
what ocean on the east ?—By what ocean on the west ? 

What mountain range in the northern part of Africa?—• 
What two ranges extend along the eastern coast?—What 
mountains in South Africa?—What mountains are north of 
Guinea ? 

In what part of Africa is the Great Desert ?—Where is the 
Ivalihari Desert? 

Islands. 

Where is Socotra Island ?—Zanzibar Island ?—What large 
island is east of the southern part of Africa?—What two 
islands are east of Madagascar ? 

In what ocean and in what direction from Africa arc St. 
Helena and Ascension Islands?—Near the mouth of what 
river is Fernando Po Island ? 

Where are the Cape Verd Islands ?—What three groups of 
islands are north-west of Africa ? 

Capes and Isthmuses. 

Which is the most northern capo of Africa?—The most 
eastern ?—The most southern ?—The most western ?—Where 
is the Cape of Good Hope ?—Where is Cape Palmas ? 

Between what seas is the Isthmus of Suez?—What two 
grand divisions are connected by this isthmus? 

Oceans, Seas, Gulfs, Straits, and Channels. 

Where is the Indian Ocean?—Where is the Atlantic Ocean? 

Where is the Mediterranean Sea?—What long narrow sea 
is east of the northern part of Africa?—Where is the Gulf of 
Guinea ? 

What bodies of water are connected by the Strait of Bab el 
Mandeb ?—What bodies of water are connected by the Strait 
of Gibraltar? 

Between what island and Africa is Mozambique Channel ? 

Lakes and Rivers. 

In what division of Africa is Lake Tchad ?—What river 
flows into this lake ?—In what part of Africa is Lake Ngaini ? 

In what part of Africa is the river Nile ?—What two rivers [ 
unite to form the Nile?—In what direction and into what sea | 
does the Nile flow ? 


What river of Africa flows into the Indian Ocean ?—Where 
is the Orange River?—What two rivers flow through Guinea 
into the Atlantic Ocean ?—Where is the Senegal River? 

Political Divisions. 

Which is the most northern division of Africa?—On what 
sea and ocean does this division border ? 

What barren section is south of Barbary?—What name is 
given to the fertile spots of this section?—Which are the two 
principal oases of the Great Desert? 

Name the three Nile countries.—In what part of Africa are 
they?—Which is the most northern of them? 

Name the two principal divisions of Eastern Africa.—On 
what ocean do they border?—Where is the Zoolu Land?— 
What two divisions between Zoolu Land and Cape Colony? 
—On what two oceans does Cape Colony border ? 

Which arc the two principal divisions of Western Africa? 
—Which is the more northern of the two ?—Where is Liberia? 
—What British colony is north of Liberia? 

What are the three principal divisions of Central Africa?— 
Which is the most northern of the three ? 

Cities and Towns. 

Of what country of Africa is Cairo the capital?—Of what 
division is Cape Town the capital? 

In what part of Africa are Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and 
Tripoli ? 

In what section of Africa are Sego, Timbuctoo, Sackatoo, 
Kouka, Wara, and Cobbe ? 

Name the different divisions of Africa in which each of 
the folloAving places are situated:—Alexandria?—St. Paul 
de Loando ?—Mozambique ?—Gondar ?—Abeokuta ?—Mon¬ 
rovia ? 

"Where is Mourzouk ?—Agadez ?—Mombas ?—Khartoom ? 
—Sierra Leone?—Benguela?—New Dongola? 

Miscellaneous. 

"What mountains and -what desert would you cross to go in 
a direct line from Algiers to Timbuctoo?—What channel 
would you cross to go from Madagascar to Mozambique ? 

On what ocean would you sail to go from Monrovia to St. 
Helena?—From Bourbon Island to Natal?—From Spain to 
the Canary Islands?—From Cape Town to Sierra Leone? 

Name the sea, strait, and ocean on which you would sail 
to go from Alexandria to the Madeira Islands. 

Who explored the Region of the Zambeze ?—Who are the 
ruling people of the western part of Soudan ?—In what part 
of Africa are the Tuaricks and Tibboos ? 

North of what division of Africa is the Somaulie country? 
—Where are the lands inhabited by the Bechuanas, Nama- 
quas, and Damaras ? 


Spell the following words:—Africa, Egypt, Barbary, Cairo, 
Guinea, Suez, Socotra, Tchad, Fezzan, Zambeze, Khartoom, 
Niger, Nubia, Canary.—What is the meaning of Bab el Man¬ 
deb ?—Azores ?—Tripoli ?—Liberia ? 











VIEW OF SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES. 


CHAPTER XIV. 

OCEANIC A. 

1. Oceanica consists entirely of islands. It 
comprises the three divisions of Australasia, Ma¬ 
laysia, and Polynesia. 

AUSTRALASIA. 

2. Australasia is the largest division of Oce- 
anica. It comprises Australia, the largest island 
in the world, Papua, Tasmania, New Zealand, New 
Caledonia, and many other smaller islands. 

3. Australia, New Zealand, and Tasmania belong 
to Great Britain ; New Caledonia to France. The 
other islands, of which little is known, are inhabited 
by savages. 

The Island of Australia is a little larger than the 
United States. The settled sections are principally 


Questions.— Of what does Oceanica consist ?—What three 
divisions does it comprise?—Which is the largest division? 
—What islands does Australasia comprise?—Which of the^e 
belong to Great Britain ?—To France ?—By whom are the 
other islands inhabited ?—What can you say of Australia ?— 


upon or near the coast. The interior has never been 
explored. 

4. New South Wales and Victoria are the most 
important divisions. The gold fields, from which 
immense quantities of gold have been taken, are 
in these colonies. 

Sydney is the capital of New South Wales ; Melbourne 
of Victoria. Both these places are important commercial 
cities. Adelaide is the capital of South Australia, Perth 
of West Australia. 

The native inhabitants of Australia, and of most of 
the other islands of Australasia, arc a degraded race of 
negroes, called Papuans. 

5. New Zealand is now a colony of the British 
Empire. About one-seventh of the population are 
whites. 

6 Tasmania, south of Australia, is a fine agri¬ 
cultural island. It is inhabited solely by European 
colonists. 


Which are the most important divisions?—Name the capitals 
of the different divisions.—Which of these are important com¬ 
mercial cities ?—Describe the native inhabitants of Australia. 
—AY hat are they called ?—What can you say of New Zealand ? 
—Of Tasmania ?—By whom is Tasmania inhabited ? 

80 




































0 C E A N I C A. 


81 


MALAYSIA. 

7. Malaysia includes a great number of islands, 
south-east of Asia. 

The principal of these are Sumatra, Java, Borneo, 
Celebes, the Philippine and the Spice Islands. 

Nearly all these islands are mountainous, and they 
contain many volcanoes. There are forty-three volca¬ 
noes in Java alone. Most of the spices we use are 
brought from Malaysia. 

8. The Spice Islands and a part of Java, Su¬ 
matra, Borneo, and some other islands belong to 
the Dutch. The Philippine Islands, belong to 
Spain. A part of Borneo belongs to Great Britain. 



A STREET SCENE IN MANILLA. 

Manilla Women Shopping. 

Batavia, in Java, and Manilla, in Luzon, one of the 
Philippine Islands, are the chief cities of Malaysia. 

The greater portion of the native inhabitants of these 
islands belong to the Malay race. Many of them are 
pirates. 


What does Malaysia include ?—Which are the principal 
islands of Malaysia ?—Are they generally mountainous or 
level?—How many volcanoes are there in Java?—Mention 
some articles we use which are brought from Malaysia.— 
Which of these islands belong to the Dutch ?—To Spain ?— 
To Great Britain?—Which are the chief cities of Malaysia? 

6 



A VIEW IN TAHITI. 


POLYNESIA. 

9. Polynesia comprises a great number of islands 
scattered over a vast extent of the Pacific Ocean. 

Some of these islands are mountainous, while others 
are very level, and barely rise a few feet above the sur¬ 
face of the ocean. 

10. The most important groups of Polynesia are 
the Sandwich Islands and the Society Islands. 
The Sandwich Islands form an independent king¬ 
dom. 

The Marquesas Islands and Tahiti, one of the Society 
Islands, belong to France. 

(Note. —For the position of these islands see Map of 
the Western Hemisphere, page 24.) 


—To what race do most of the inhabitants belong?—What 
are many of them ?—What does Polynesia comprise ?—De¬ 
scribe the surface of these islands?—Which arc the most 
important groups ?—Which of them forms an independent 
kingdom ?—Which belong to France ?—To what group of 
islands does Tahiti belong ? 






































v 167 


177 


173 


163 


153 


143 


133 


123 


113 


103 





















































































0 C E A N I C A. 83 


QUESTIONS 

ON THE 

MAP OP OCEANIC A. 


Remark.— All of Malaysia and tlie greater part of 
Australasia are in the Eastern Hemisphere. The larger 
part of Polynesia is in the Western Hemisphere. 


General Questions. 

Of what does Oceanica entirely consist?—What three divi¬ 
sions does it comprise?—Which one of these is entirely in 
the Eastern Hemisphere ?—Of which division is the greater 
part in the Eastern Hemisphere ?—Of which division is the 
greater part in the Western Hemisphere?—Which is the 
largest division of Oceanica ? 

Australasia. 

Which is the largest island of Australasia ?—By what 
ocean is it bounded on the east?—By what ocean on the 
west. 

What large island north of Australia ?—What three islands 
and three groups of islands are north-east of Australia?—In 
what zone are all these islands ? 

What island east of Australia belongs to France ?—What 
important group of islands south-east of Australia ?—Of what 
empire are they a colony ? 

Name the three islands of New Zealand.—What island is 
south of Australia?—To what country does it belong ? 


What mountains in Australia?—What gulf upon the north¬ 
ern coast?—What gulf upon the southern coast? 

What strait separates Papua from Australia?—What strait 
between Australia and Tasmania? 

In what division of Australia is Lake Torrens ?—What is 
the principal river of this great island ?—In what division of 
Australia is Swan River? 

What is the most northern division of Australia?—The 
most eastern ?—The most southern ?—The most western ?— 
What division lies between New South Wales and West 
Australia ? 


In what part of Australia is the gold region ? 

In what division of Australia is Sydney ?—Melbourne ?— 
Adelaide?—Perth?—On what island is Hobart Town?— 
Auckland ?—Canterbury ? 

On what strait and ocean would you sail to go from Mel¬ 
bourne to Sydney ? 

What strait would you cross to go from Australia to 
Papua?—From New Ulster to New Munster?—From Tas¬ 
mania to Victoria ? 


Malaysia. 

Remark. —Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sumbawa, Flores, 
and Timor are called the Sunda Islands. Borneo is the 
largest island of Malaysia. Luzon, Palawan, and Min¬ 
danao, are the principal of the Philippine Islands. 


Near what grand division are the Islands of Malaysia?— 
What ocean is east of them ?—What ocean is south ?—What 
sea lies between them and Asia? 

Which is the most northern group of the islands of Ma¬ 
laysia?—Name the three principal islands of this group. 

Which is the largest island of Malaysia ?—In what direc¬ 
tion is Borneo from the Philippine Islands ?—What group 
of islands between Borneo and Mindanao Islands ?—What 
two islands and group of islands are east of Borneo? 

In what direction from Borneo is Sumatra?—By what 
strait is Sumatra separated from the Peninsula of Malacca ? 


What strait separates Java from Sumatra?—In what 
direction is Java from Borneo?—What three of the Sunda 
Islands lie to the east and south-east of Java? 

Which are the two principal cities of Malaysia?—On what 
island is Manilla?—To what European country does this 
islaud belong?—On what island is Batavia?—To what Eu¬ 
ropean country does a part of this island belong ?—On what 
island are the towns of Borneo and Sarawak ? 

Polynesia. 

In what ocean are the islands of Potynesia?—Which are 
the two most important groups of islands of this division ?— 
Which of these is north of the Equator?—Which is south? 
(See Map of the Western Hemisphere, page 24.) 

To what country do the Marquesas Islands belong ?—Is 
this group north or south of the Equator? (See, also, Map 
of the Western Hemisphere, page 24.) 

Five groups of the islands of Polynesia are represented 
upon the Map of Oceanica:—Name the one in the North 
Temperate Zone.—The one crossed by the Tropic of Cancer. 
—The three in the Torrid Zone. 

Miscellaneous. 

What sea would you cross to go from Manilla to Canton ? 
—In what country is Canton ?—Through what strait would 
you sail to enter the China Sea from the Indian Ocean ?— 
Between what two islands is this strait ? 

What part of Australia is in the Torrid Zone?—In what 
zone is the other part of it ?—When it is summer in Phila¬ 
delphia, what is the season at Melbourne ? 


Spell the following words :—Oceanica, Malaysia, Philip¬ 
pine, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Batavia, Manilla, Victoria, 
Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney, New Zealand, Tasmania. 

What is the meaning of the following words :—Papua ?— 
Australia ?—Polynesia?—Ladrone ? 


















PRONOUNCING AND EXPLANATORY VOCABULARY 


A. 

Ab-e-o-ku'-ta. 

Ab-er-deen'. 

Abyssinia (Ah-ia-ain'-i-a). 

Aconcagua (Ah-kon-leah’-gwa). 
Ad'-e-laide. 

Ad-i-ron'-dack. 

A-dri-at'-ic. 

Af-ghan-is-tan'—“ Afghan land.” 

Af'-ri-ca. 

Agadez (Ahg'-ah-deee). 

Agulhas (Ah-gool'-yats) —“ needle,”—so 
named from its pointed shape. 

Air. 

Alabama (Al-a-bah'-ma). 

A-las'-ka. 

Albany ( Awl'-ba-ny ). 

Al-be-marle'. 

Aleutian ( Al-oo'-she-an ). 
Al-ex-an'-dri-a. 

Algiers ( Al-geers'). 

Al-le-gha'-ny. 

Alps. 

Altai ( Al-ta'-i , or Ahl'-ti) —“gold moun¬ 
tains.” 

Altamaha (Al-ta-ma-haw’). 

Alton (Awl'-ton). 

Am'-a-zon. 

A-mer'-i-ca. 

Amoo (Ah-moo 1 ). 

Amoor (Ah-moor'). 

A'-nam. 

An'-des. From a Peruvian word, mean¬ 
ing, “copper,” or “metal.” 
An-dros-cog'-gin. 

Ann-ap'-o-lis. 

An'-son. 

Ant-arc'-tic—“opposite to the Arctic.” 
An-ti-cos'-ti. 

An-til'-les. 

Ap-a-lach'-ee. 

Ap'-en-nine. 

A-ra'-bi-a. 

Araguay ( Ahr-ah-gwi '). 

Ar'-al—“island.” Sea of Aral—“island 
sea.” 

Archangel ( Arh-an'-gel). 

Archipelago (Ar-lce-peV-a-go). 

Arc'-tic—“northern.” 


Ar-kan'-sas. 

Ar-oos'-took. 

As-cen'-sion. 

Asia (A'-she-a). 

As'-pin-wall. 

As-sump'-tion. 

At-lan'-tic. 

At'-las. 

Auck'-land. 

Au-gus'-ta. 

Aus'-tin. 

Aus-tral-a'-sia—“ Southern Asia.” 
Aus-tra'-li-a—“ southern land.” 
Aus'-tri-a. 

Ava (Ah'-vah). 

Az'of. 

Az'-ores—“ a hawk,”—so named from 
the great number of these birds that 
were formerly found on this group of 
islands. 

B. 

Bab-el-Man'-deb—“ the gate of tears,” 
Baf-fins. 

Ba-ha'-inas. 

Bahia ( Bah-ee'-a )—“bay.” 

Baikal (Bi'-lcaul). Bai, “rich;” leal, 
“a lake.” This lake abounds in fish. 
Bal-e-ar'-ic. 

Balize (Ba-leez'). 

Balkan (Bawl'-lean). 

Baltic (Buwl'-tic). 

Baltimore (Bawl'-ti-more). 

Bang-kok'. 

Ban-gork 
Barca (Bar'-lea). 

Barcelona (Barsa-lo'-nah). 

Bar'-ings. 

Ba-ta'-vi-a. 

Bates'-ville. 

Baton Rouge (Bat'-un Roozh ')—“red 
stick.” 

Bech-u-an'-as. 

BeP-gi-um. 

Bell-isle'. 

Bel-oo-chis-tan'—“country of the Bel- 
oochees.” 

Bengal (Ben-gawl'). 

Benguela (Ben-gwe'-lah). 


Ben'-ning-ton. 

Bei'-lin'. 

Bermudas (Ber-moo'-daz). 

Berne (Bern). 

Bherings ( Beer'-ing8) 

Big Sand'-y. 

Bir'-mah. 

Biscay (Bis'-ley). 

Blan'-co. 

Bogota (Bo-go-tah'). 

Bo-liv'-i-a. 

Bom-bay'—“good harbor.” 

Bordeaux (Bor-do'). 

Bor'-ne-o. 

Bos'-ton. 

Both'-ni-a. 

Bourbon (Boor'-bun). 

Brah-ma-pu'-tra—“Son of the Creator.” 
Brazil (Brah-zeeV). 

Brazos (Brah'-zos). 

Brook'-lyn. 

Buenos Ayres (Bo'-nus A'-riz —“good 
air.” 

BuP-fa-lo. 

Bur'-ling-ton. 

C. 

Cabul (Kab'-ool). 

Ca'-diz. 

Caf-fra'-ri-a. 

Cairo (Ki'-ro). 

Cal-cut'-ta. 

Cal-i-for'-ni-a. 

Cam-bo'-di-a. 

Cam'-den. 

Cam-pe'-che. 

Can'-a-da. 

Can-a'-ry. 

Can'-cer. 

Can'-di-a. 

Can-nav'-er-al. 

Can-ton'. 

Cape. Latin, Caput, “ the head.” 

Cape Breton (Brit-oon'). 

Cap'-ri-corn. 

Car-ac'-cas. 

Car-ib-be'-an. 

Car-pa'-thi-an. 

Cas-cade'. 


(84) 














PRONOUNCING AND EXPLANATORY VOCABULARY. 85 


Cas'-co. 

Cas'-pi-an. 

Catts'-kill. 

Cau'-ca-sus—“ white mountains.” 
Cayenne (Ki-en'). 

Celebes ( Sel'-e-bes). 

Cey-lon'. 

Champlain (Sham-plane'). 
Charles'-ton. 

Char'-lotte. 

Chat-ta-hoo'-cho. 

Ches'-a-peake. 

Chicago (She-kau 
Chili ( Chil'-le). 

Chiloe (Chil-o-a'). 

Chi'-na. 

Chi-nese Tar'-ta-ry. 

Chow-an'. 

Cincinnati ( Sin-sin-nah'-ti). 
Cleve'-land. 

Cob'-be. 

Cobi (Ko'-bee). 

Colorado (Co-lo-rah'-do) —“red river.” 
Co-lum'-bi-a. 

Co-lum'-bus. 

Co-mo'-rin. 

Con'-cord. 

Con'-go. 

Connecticut ( Con-net’-i-cut). 
Con-stan'-ti-no'-ple—“ Constantine’s 
city.” 

Con'-ti-nent. 

Co-pen-ha'-gen—“ merchants’ harbor.” 
Co-re'-a. 

Cor'-si-ca. 

Cor-val'-lis. 

Crimea (Krim'-ee-a). 

Cu'-ba. 

Cum'-ber-land. 

Cuzco (K 008 '-ko). 

Cy'-prus. 

D. 

Dakota (Dah-ko'-tah). 

Damara (Dah-mah’-rah). 

Da-mas'-cus. 

Dan'-ube. 

Day'-ton. 

Del'-a-ware. 

Del'-hi. 

Den'-mark—“ a low country.” 

Des Moines ( De Main’). 

De-troit'—“ a strait.” 

Dneiper (Nee'-per). 

Do'-fra-field. 

Do'-ver. 

Dub'-lin. 

Dubuque (Du-book'). 


Du'-na. 

Dwina (Dwee’-nah). 

E. 

East'-port. 

Ed'-in-burgh. 

E'-gypt. 

Elbe (Elb). 

El-mi'-ra. 

En'-der-by’s Land. 

England (Ing'-gland). 

Equador (Ek-wa-dore') —so named on 
account of its situation under the 
Equator. 

E-qua'-tor. 

Erie (E'-re). 

Esquimaux (Ea'-kc-mo). 

Eu-phra'-tes—“ to make glad.” This 
river is subject to annual overflows, 
much enriching its banks. 

Eu'-rope. 

F. 

Falkland (Fawk'-land). 

Fare'-wcll. 

Fa'-roe. 

Fayetteville (Fa'-et-vil). 

Fee'-jee. 

Feliatas (Fel-lah'-tahs). 
Fer-nan'-do-Po'. 

Fez-zan'. 

Fill-more Cit'-y. 

Flor'-i-da. 

Flo'-ris. 

For-mo'-sa—“beautiful.” 

Fort Wayne'. 

France. 

Frank'-fort—“free town.” 

Fra'-ser. 

Fred'-er-ick-ton. 

Friend'-ly. 

Frigid (Frij’-id) —“cold.” 

Fun'-dy. 

G. 

Gallapagos (Gal-li-pa'-gos) —“ islands 
of land turtles.” 

Ga-le'-na. 

Gallinas (Gal-lee'-nan). 

Gal'-ves-ton. 

Ganges (Gan'-jez) —“flowing through 
the earth to Heaven.” 

Gen-e-see'. 

Gen-o'-a. 

George'-town. 

Geor'-gi-a. 

Ger'-ma-ny. 


Gib-ral'-tar. 

Gila (Ilee'-lah). 

Gilolo (Je-lo'-lo). 

Gon'-dar. 

Gracios a Dios (Grah'se d Dee'-oee )— 
“thanks to God.” 

Grand Port'-age, 

Great Britain (Great Brit'-tin). 

Great Pe-dee'. 

Green'-land. 

Greenwich (Grin'-idge). 

Grin'-nell. 

Guanahani (Gwa-na-han'-i). 

Guardafui (Gwar-dah-fwee'). 

Guatimala (Gioa-ta-mah'-lah). 

Guiana (Ghe+ah'-na). 

Guinea (Ghin'-ee). 

H. 

Hainan (Hi'-nan) —“south of the sea.” 
Hal'-i-fax. 

Ilam'-burg. 

Ilar'ris-burg. 

Hart'-ford. 

Ilat'-ter-as. 

Havana (Ha-van'-nah). 

Hay'-ti. 

Hem'-i-sphere—“half a sphere.” 
Hen-lo'-pen. 

Himalaya (Him-a-W-a) —“ the abode of 
snow.” 

Ilin-doo Koosh'. 

Ilin-doo-stan'. 

Hoang Ho (Whang'-ho) —“yellow river” 
—so named from the color which the 
clay banks give to its waters. 
Ho'-bart Town. 

Ilol'-land—“ hollow land.” A large 
part of Holland is below the level of 
the sea. 

Hol'-ly Springs'. 

Ilous'-ton. 

Ilud'-son. 

Hue (Hoo'-a). 

Ilun'-ga-ry. 

Hunts'-ville. 

Ilu'-ron. 

I. & J. 

Ice'-land. 

Illinois (Il-lin-oi '). 

India (In'-de-a). 

In-di-an'a. 

In-di-an-ap'-o-lis. 

In'-dus. 

I-o'-ni-an. 

I'-ow-a. 












86 PRONOUNCING AND EXPLANATORY VOCABULARY. 

Ire'-land. 

Le-comp'-ton. 

Merida (Her'-e-da). 

Ir'-koutsk. 

Lena ( Le'-nah) —“a sluggard." This 

Mer-ri-mac'. 

Ir-ra-wad'-dy—“ the great river." 

river is so named on account of its 

Mex'-i-co. 

Island ( I'-land). 

sluggish course. 

Michigan (Mish'i-gan). 

Is-pa-han'. 

Lew-chew'. 

Mill'-edge-ville. 

Isth'-mus. Greek, “ the neck." 

Lex'-ing-ton. 

Mil-wau'-kee. 

It'-a-ly. 

Li-be'-ri-a—“Free State." 

Min-da-na'-o. 

I-tas'-ca. 

Lima (Lee'-mah). 

Min-ne-so'-ta. 

Jack'-son. 

Lichtenfels ( Lik'-ten-fels ). 

Miquelon (Mik-e'-lon). 

Jamaica ( Ja-ma'-ka ). 

Lisbon (Liz'-bon). 

Miss-is-sip'-pi—“father of waters." 

Jan Mayen ( Yahn Afi'-en). 

Lit'-tle Rock'. 

Mis-sou'-ri—“smoky water.” 

Jap-an'—said to mean, in Chinese, “the 

Llano ( Le-ah'-no) —“a plain." 

Mobile (Mo-beeV). 

country of the rising sun." 

Lof-fo'-den. 

Mo'-hawk. 

Java ( Jah'-vah ) 

Loire (Licor). 

Mom'-bas. 

Jedo ( Yed'-o). 

Lon'-don. 

Mo-non-ga-he'-la. 

Jef'-fer-son Cit'-y. 

Lon'-gi-tude. 

Mon-ro'-vi-a. 

Je-ru'-sa-lem. 

Louisiade ( Loo-ee-ze-ad'). 

Mon-tauk'. 

Joannes ( Jho-ahn'-nes ). 

Louisiana (Loo-ee-ze-ah'-na). 

Mon-te-vid'-e-o. 

Ju-an Fer-nan'-dez. 

Louisville (Loo'-is-vil). 

Mont-gom'-e-ry. 

K. 

Low'-ell. 

Lu-bec'. 

Mont-pe'-li-er. 

Montreal (Mon-tre-awl'). 

Kalihari (Rah-li-hah'-ri). 

Lupata ( Luh-pah'-tah). 

Lu-zon'. 

Mo-roc'-co. 

Moscow (Mos'ko). 

Kamtschatka (Kam-8kat'-Jca). 

Lynch'-burg. 

Mourzouk (Moor-zook’). 

Kanawha ( Ran-aw'-wah). 

Kan'-sas—“ smoky wateralso said to 

M. 

Mozambique (Mo-zam-beek'). 

Mur'-ray. 

signify “good potato." 

Mack-en'zie. 

Mus'-cat. 

Ka-tah'-din. 

Mack'-i-naw. 

N. 

Ken-ne-bec'. 

Mad-a-gas'-car. 

Ken-tuck'-y. 

Madeira ( Ma-dee'-ra). 

Namaqua (Na-mau'-kica). 

Key West'. 

Mad'-i-son. 

Nan-tuck'-et. 

Khar-toom'. 

Ma-dras'. 

Naples (Na'-jielz). 

Kings'-ton. 

Mad'-rid. 

Nash'-ville. 

Kouka ( Ron'-leak ). 

Ma-gel'-lan. 

Natal (Na-tahl'). 

Kuen Lun (Riven Loon'). 

Maine. 

Natch'-ez. 

Kurile ( Roo'-ril). 

Ma-lac'-ca. 

Ne-bras'-ka—“ flat water.” 

L. 

Ma-lay'-sia—so called because the is¬ 
lands are inhabited by Malays. 

Nel'-son. 

New Albany (Nu Aicl'-ba-ne). 

Lab'-ra-dor. 

Mal'-ta. 

New'-ark. 

La-do'-ga. 

Ma-nil'-la. 

New Bed'-ford. 

La-drones'. Islands of the “ladrones,” 

Mar-a-cay'-bo. 

New Britain (Brit'-un). 

or thieves; so named by Magellan on 

Mar-an-ham'. 

New Bruns'-wick. 

account of the thievish propensities 

Mar-mo'-ra. 

New Cal-e-do'-ni-a. 

of the natives. 

Marquesas (Mar-hee'-sas). 

New Don'-go-la. 

La Fay-ette'. 

Marseilles (Mar-sales'). 

New England (fug'-land) 

Lan'-cas-ter. 

Ma'-ry-land. 

Newfoundland (Nu'-fund-land'). 

Lan'-sing. 

Mass-a-chu'-setts. 

New Granada (Grah-nah'-dah). 

La Plata ( Lah Plali'-tah )—“silver." 

Ma-tan'-zas. 

New Guatimala (Gtoa-ta-mah'-lah). 

Rio de La Plata—“ river of silver." 

Mat-a-pan'. 

New Guinea (Ghin'-ee). 

Lap'-land. 

Mau-mee'. 

New Hamp'-shire. 

Lat'-i-tude—“breadth." The ancients 

Mauritius (Mau-ree'-shus). 

New Ila'-ven. 

supposed the earth to be a great plain, 

Mec'-ca. 

New Ileb'-ri-des. 

much longer in the direction from east 

Mcd-i-ter-ra'-ne-an. 

New Ire'-land. 

to west, than from north to south. 

Medina (Me-dee'-na) —“ the city." 

New Leinster (Lin'-ster). 

Distance, east or west, they called 

Mel'-bourne. 

New Mex'-i-co. 

Longitude, which means “ length 

Mem'-phis. 

New Muns'-ter. 

distance north or south, they called 

Mem-phre-ma'-gog. 

New Or'-le-ans. 

Latitude. 

Mcn-do-ci'-no. 

New'-port. 










PRONOUNCING AND EXPLANATORY VOCABULARY. 87 


New Uls'-ter. 

New York'. 

New Zea'-land. 

Ngami (N-gah'-mee). 

Ni-ag'-a-ra—“ thunder of waters.” 
Nic-ar-ag'-u-a. 

Niger ( Ni'-jer ). This river is also called 
the Joliba —“ a great river.” 

Nile. 

Niph'-on. 

Nor'-way. 

North A-mer'-i-ca. 

North Car-o-li'-na. 

No'-va Sco'-ti-a—“New Scotland.” 
No'-va Zem'-bla—“new land.” 
Nu'-bi-a. 

Nueces ( Noo-a'-ces). 

0 . 

O'-be. 

Ocean (O'-shun). 

Oceanica (O-she-an 1 -i-ka). 

O'-der. 

O-des'-sa. 

Og'-dens-burg. 

O-hi'-o—“the beautiful river.” 
O'-ke-cho'-bee. 

Omaha ( O'-ma-haw ). 

O-ne'-ga. 

On-ta'-ri-o. 

Or'-ange. 

Or'-e-gon. 

O-ri-no'-co—“coiled serpent.” 

O-sage'. 

Os-we'-go. 

Ottawa ( Ot'-ta-wah ). 

P. 

Pa-cif-ic—“ peaceful.” 

Palawan (Pah-lah-wahn’). 

Pal'-mas. 

Pal'-es-tine. 

Pam'-li-co. 

Pam'-pas—“treeless plains.” 

Panama ( Pan-a-mah '). 

Papua ( Pap'-oo-a )—“frizzled;” from 
the enormous frizzled heads of hair 
of the natives. 

Para (Pah-rah 1 ). 

Paraguay ( Par-a-gwa' or Par-a-gwi'). 
Par-a-mar'-i-bo. 

Parana (Par-a-naW). 

Par'-is. 

Par'-kers-burg. 

Pas-sa-ma-quod'-dy. 

Pat-a-go'-ni-a. 

Pearl (Purl). 


Pe'-cos. 

Pe-dee'. 

Pekin (Pe'-king )—“northern capital.” 
Pe-lew'. 

Pe-nin'-su-la— Pene, “almost;” insula , 
“ an island.” 

Pcnn-syl-va'-ni-a—“ Penn’s woods.” 
Pe-nob'-scot. 

Pen-sa-co'-la. 

Pe-o'-ri-a. 

Per-nam-bu'-co. 

Persia (Per'-she-a). 

Pe-ru'. 

Phil-a-del'-phia — “city of brotherly 
love.” 

Philippine (FiV-i-pin). Named after 

Philip II. of Spain. 

Pitts'burg. 

Plateau (Plat’-o). 

Plymouth (Plim'-uth). 

Pol-y-ne'-sia—“ many islands.” 
Port'-land. 

Porto Rico (Port'-o Ree'-ko )—“rich 
harbor.” 

Portsmouth (Ports'-muth). 

Port'-u-gal. 

Po-to'-mac. 

Potosi (Po-to'see). 

Prairie (Pra'-ree). A French word, 
meaning “ meadow.” 

Prov'-i-dence. 

Prussia (Proo'-she-a, or Prush'-ya). 
Puerto Principe (Pwer'-toPreen-se-pa'). 
Pu'-rus. 

Pyr'-en-ees. 

Q. 

Quebec (Kwe-bek'). 

Queen Charlotte (Kween Shar'-lot). 
Quincy (Kwin'-cy). 

Quito (Kee'to). 

R. 

Racine (Ras-seen'). 

Raleigh (Raio'-le). 

Reading (Red'-ing). 

Reikiavik (Ri f -ke-a-vik) — “ steam 
town.” 

Rhine (Ritie). 

Rhode Island (Rode I'-land). 

Rhone (Rone). 

Richelieu (Reesh'-el-oo). 

Rich'-mond. 

Rio de la Plata (Ree'-o, or Ri'-o de lah 
Plah'-tah )—“river of silver;” Rio 
meaning “river.” 

Rio Grande (Ri'-o Grand ')—“great 
river.” 


Rio Janeiro (Ri'-o Ja-nee'-ro). 

Ri'-o Ne'-gro—“ Black River.” 
Ro-an-oke'. 

Roch'-es-ter. 

Ro-ma'-ni-a. 

Russia (Roo'she-a, or Rusli'-ya). 

S. 

Sabine (Sah-been 1 ). 

Sa'-hle. 

Sack-a-too'. 

Sac-ra-men'-to. 

Saguenay (Sah'-ga-na'). 

Saint Au'-gus-tine. 

Saint Bias (Blah'). 

Saint Clair (A7«re'). 

Saint Croix (KroV). 

Saint Do-min'-go. 

Saint Hel-e'-na. 

Saint Law'-rence. 

Saint Louis (Loo'-is). 

Saint Paul de Loando (Pau-lo da Lo¬ 
an'-do). 

Saint Pe'-ters-burg. 

Saint Pierre (Pe-air'). 

Saint Roque (Roke'). 

San Fran-cis'-co. 

Sand'-wich. 

San Joaquin (Hwa'-keen). 

San Lu'-cas. 

San'-ta Bar'-ba-ra. 

San'-ta Fe'—“ holy faith.” 

San-tee'. 

Santiago (San-tee-ah'-go) —“St. James.” 
Sar-din'-i-a. 

Saut de St. Marie (Soo-sent-ma'-ree). 
Sa-van'-nah. 

Schoodic (Skoo'-dic). 

Scioto (Si-o'-to). 

Scot'-land. 

Seghalien (Sah-gha'-lee-en). 

Seine (Sane) 

Senegal (Sen-e-gawV). 

Sen-e-gam'-bi-a. 

Shanghai (Shang'-hi). 

Shen-an-do'-ah. 

Si-am'. 

Si-be'-ri-a. 

Sicily (Sia'-il-e). 

Sierra Leone (Se-er-ra Le-o'-nee). 

Sierra Madre (Mah'-dra) — “ mother 
mountains.” Sierra is a Spanish 
word, signifying “saw,” and is ap¬ 
plied to a mountain range, because at 
a distance it often presents a notched 
appearance. 

Sierra Nevada (Ne-vah'-dah )—“snow 
mountains.” 









88 


PRONOUNCING AND EXPLANATOIIY VOCABULARY. 


Sihon ( Si-hoon '). 

Sit'-ka. 

Smyr'-na. 

So-ci'-e-ty. 

Socotra ( Sok'-o-tra). 

Somaulie (Soo-inau'-U.) 

Soo-loo'. 

Sou-dan'. 

South A-mer'-i-ca. 

South Car-o-li'-na. 

South Shet'-land. 

Spain ( Spane) 

Spitz-ber'-gen. 

Spring'-field. 

Stock'-holm. 

Su'-cre. 

Su-ez'. 

Su-ma'-tra. 

Sumbawa (Soom-baio'- 10 a). 
Sus-que-han'-na. 

Sun'-da. 

Swe'-den. 

Switz'-er-land. 

Syd'-ney. 

Syracuse ( Sir-a-kuze '). 

Syr'-i-a. 

T. 

Ta'-gus. 

Tahiti ( Ta-hee'-tee ). 

Tah'-le-quah. 

Tal-la-has'-see. 

Tam'-pa. 

Tapajos ( Tcih-pah'-jhoce). 
Tas-ma'-ni-a. 

Tchad (Chad). 

Teheran ( Te-her-ahn'). 

Ten-nes-see'. 

Ter'-ra del Fu-e'-go—“land of fire.” 
Ter-ri-to'-ry. 

Tren'-ton. 

Tex'-as. 


Tib'-boos. 

Thian Shan (Te'-ahn Slialm') —“celes¬ 
tial mountains.” 

Thibet ( Tib'-et). 

Tim-buc'-too. 

Timor (Te-more'). 

Titicaca ( Tit-i-Jcah'-kah). 

Trin'-i-ty. 

To'-bolsk. 

Tocantins ( To-Jcahn-teens'). 

To-le'-do. 

Tom-big'-bee. 

To-ron'-to. 

Tor'-res. 

Tor'-rens. 

Tor'-rid—“ hot.” 

Tor-tu'-gas—“ tortoises.” 

Trip'-o-li ( Tria, “three;” polis, “a 
city”). Three large towns formerly 
occupied the site of Tripoli. 

Trop'-ic. 

Troy. 

Tu'-nis. 

Tu-ar'-icks. 

Tur-kes'-tan. 

Turk'-ey. 

Tus-ca-loo'-sa. 

U. 

U-ni-ted States'. 

Ural ( Yoo'-ral). 

Uruguay (Oo-roo-gwi'). 

Utah (U'-taw). 

U'-ti-ca. 

V. 

Valparaiso ( Val-pa-ri'-so )—“Vale of 
Paradise;” so named from its delight¬ 
ful situation. 

Van-cou'-'ver. 

Venezuela ( Ven-c-zwe'-Ia). 



THE END. 



j 


Venice (Ven’-iss). 

Vera Cruz ( Va-rah Krooz') —“the true 
cross.” 

Verd—“ green.” 

Ver-mont'—“green mountains.” 
Vicks'-burg. 

Yic-to'-ri-a. 

Vienna ( Ve-en'-na.) 

Vir-gin'-i-a. 

Vis'-tu-la. 

Volga ( Vol'-gah). 

W. 

Wabash ( Waw'-bctsh). 

Wah'-satch. 

War a ( Wah' -rah). 

Wash'-ing-ton. 

West Indies ( West In'-dez). 

Wheel'-ing. 

Wilkes'-bar-re. 

Willamette ( Wil-ldh'-met). 
Wil'-liams-port. 

Wil'-ming-ton. 

Win'-ni-peg. 

Winnipiseogee ( Win-ne-pesaw'-lee) — 
“ beautiful lake among the high¬ 
lands;” or, “smile of the Great 
Spirit.” 

Wis-con'-sin. 

Worcester ( Wars'-ter). 

X., Y., & Z. 

Xingu ( Shing-goo '). 

Yang-tse-Kiang ( Yahng-tse-Kee'-ahng) 
—“ son of the sea.” 

Yenesei ( Yen-e-sa'-e). 

Yu-ca-tan'. 

Zambeze (Zain-ba'-zee). 

Zanguebar (Zahng'-gha-bar). 

Zanzibar (Zahn'-ze-bar). 

Zoo-lu'. 









































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